Three dimensions of equality are: Economic, Social and Political Equality.

Political equality means granting equal citizenship to all members of the state. equal citizenship provides certain basic rights such as right to vote, freedom of expression,  movement and association and freedom of belief to everybody. They can participate in the affairs of the country. 

Social equality means provision of equality in society. Equality of oppurtunites need to be provided so that minimum quality of life can be achieved.

Economic equality means granting equal economic oppurtunities to all. 

The number of High Courts in India is 25. The list is given below:

ANSWER
Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991 when it was abolished. The country's first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994.

Justice relates all individuals with each other and connect with the fact as to what type of moral, social, economic, political, legal relations are developed together between individuals.

Adult Franchise means all adult citizens of the country should have the right to vote without any discrimination of class, caste, class, religion, or gender. It is based on the basic principle of democracy, which we call equality. It stresses that the right to vote should be equally available to all. It is the bedrock of a democratic system. It enables all citizens to be involved in the governance of their state. 

Franchise literally means the right of the people to vote and elect their representatives. The word franchise is derived from the French word ‘franc’ which means ‘free’. In history, it took much time in making itself a universal law. In fact, this was one of the major demands in the long-drawn struggle for democracy. Till date, not all the countries of the world are practising this law. India had implemented this principle on January 26, 1950. Now the minimum age for exercising franchise is 18 years in our country. One must qualify certain grounds for the adult franchise in India. These are:-

• One must be a citizen of India,

• One must have attained 18 years of age,

• One must not be of unsound mind,

• One must not have been declared bankrupt by a competent court

Administrative Powers of the Election Commission

• The commission has been empowered to function in accordance to the Delimitation Commission Act and define the territorial boundaries of electoral constituencies for different elections.
• It has been given powers to register and deregister any political party or entity.
• It is empowered to enforce the ‘Model Code of Conduct’ for election campaigns and ensures its implementation.
• It is empowered to keep a check on the election expenses of the political parties. This ensures a level playing field for all the political parties irrespective of their size and thus the capacity to spend.
• It has the power to appoint officers as election observers and expenditure observers from different departments of the Civil Services.

Advisory Powers of the EC:

• The Commission is empowered to advise the President of India regarding disqualification of the members of Parliament and the conditions for the same.
• The Commission also advises the Governors with respect to the disqualifications of members of the State Legislatures
• It advises the High Courts and Supreme Court in matters related to post-election disputes between candidates and political parties.

Election Commission Quasi-Judicial Powers

• The Election Commission is empowered to settle disputes regarding recognition granted to political parties and candidates.
• It has the powers to act as a court for matters related to disputes arising out of the allotment of election symbols to political parties and candidates. No two election symbols are the same, even in different regions.
• It must be noted that the elections with respect to the election of Panchayats and Municipalities are carried out under the supervision of the State Election Commission. The State Election Commissions are in turn advised by the ECI and are answerable to it.

Presently, Seven Indian States such as Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, have bicameral Legislatures, these are called legislative councils (Vidhan Parishad), one third of whom are elected every two years, there are graduate constituencies (members elected exclusively by graduates), teachers constituencies (members elected exclusively by teachers), municipal constituencies (members elected exclusively by Mayors and council members of the city Governments).

Though required to act on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, in certain matters the President may exercise discretion within reasonable limits. The following are the discretionary powers of the President of India:

1. The President can withhold assent to a Non-Money Bill or send it back for reconsideration.
2. There is no time limit within which the President is required to declare his assent or refusal or return the Bill for reconsideration. He can take as much time as he thinks appropriate.
3. If no political party or leader has majority support in the Lok Sabha, the President has the freedom to decide who should be appointed as Prime Minister.
4. In case the Prime Minister has lost the support of the Lok Sabha, he may, instead of tendering his resignation, ask for the dissolution of the House. The President is bound to act on the advice of the Prime Minister. He can also explore the possibility of forming an alternative government at the centre.

Supreme court judges retire at the age of 65. However, there have been suggestions from the judges of the Supreme Court of India to provide for a fixed term for the judges including the Chief Justice of India.

Negative conception of liberty:

• It implies the absence of restraints and rights to do whatever one likes.
• This conception may make the powerful person more powerful to keep the weaker ones on their mercy.
• This conception of liberty faces the following drawbacks:

(a) Liberty is concerned with the area control, not with its source, hence, this is not necessary to have democracy to enjoy freedom.

(b) The state should control the liberty of an individual only up to the limit where he interferes in other’s such liberty. Positive conception of liberty:

• It refers to the society in which adequate facilities are available for each and every section of society to enjoy desirable rights.
• This believes that any individual or section should not hinder the progress of others.
• People can enjoy all freedoms which are permissible by laws.
• It ensures the growth of poor, weak and downtrodden people also.
• It interprets that liberty lies in the removal of hindrances.

A developmental assessment for children under age 3 is an attempt to assess various aspects of the child's functioning, including areas such as cognition, communication, behavior, social interaction, motor and sensory abilities, and adaptive skills.

The Writ of Quo Warranto: The writ of Quo Warranto is issued to an individual who has usurped a public office. He is asked through that writ about his right to hold the said office. This writ is issued only when there is no other way out for remedying the grievances. Moreover, it can be issued only for a public office and not for the office of any private organization. In reply to such a writ the officer concerned has to legally prove his right to hold that office, otherwise, court can get the office vacated.

The Writ of Mandamus: The writ of mandamus is issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court, an official or an association. The aim of this writ is to protect the right of the petitioner and to get some public duty done by that authority to whom the writ is issued. The Supreme Court can issue this writ only for protecting the Fundamental Rights but the High Courts are empowered to issue it for other purposes also in addition to safeguarding the Fundamental Rights.

The Sapru Committee in 1945 suggested two categories of individual rights. One being justiciable and the other being non-justiciable rights. The justiciable rights, as we know, are the Fundamental rights, whereas the non-justiciable ones are the Directive Principles of State Policy.

DPSP are ideals which are meant to be kept in mind by the state when it formulates policies and enacts laws. There are various definitions to Directive Principles of State which are given below:

• They are an ‘instrument of instructions’ which are enumerated in the Government of India Act, 1935.
• They seek to establish economic and social democracy in the country.
• DPSPs are ideals which are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation.

A constitutional right is a supreme right guaranteed by our Constitution. In case of any contradiction with Constitutional Rights, that law will be declared null and void. These rights aren't applicable to everyone unlike Fundamental Right.

The literal meaning of ‘Prohibition’ is ‘To forbid.’ A court that is higher in position issues a Prohibition writ against a court that is lower in position to prevent the latter from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction that it does not possess. It directs inactivity.

Facts about Prohibition in India:

• Writ of Prohibition can only be issued against judicial and quasi-judicial authorities.
• It can’t be issued against administrative authorities, legislative bodies and private individuals or bodies

Politically, our Constitution has been reasonably effective. The government of our country is carried out under the provisions of the Constitution with a democratically elected government that is responsible to Parliament. The judiciary has also been effective in preserving the basic character of the constitution by refusing the legislature or the executive to exceed its authority. However, our political system is still marred by evils of criminalization and corruption which goes against the spirit of the Constitution.

The definition of an action is something that is done or performed. Performing a skit and baking a cake are each an example of an action. "Action is the mode [that] fiction writers use to show what is happening at any given moment in the story," states Evan Marshall, who identifies five fiction-writing modes: action, summary, dialogue, feelings/thoughts, and background. ... Writing a story means weaving all of the elements of fiction together.

The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour, child labour and trafficking of human beings. Children under age of 14 are not allowed to work.

Where are the options?

In the History of Ideas, there are two major concepts of justice :

1. Numerical Concept of Justice: It gives an equal share to all. Bentham said, “Everyone is to count for one, nobody for more than one”. It means even unequal would be treated as equal. Modern liberal democracies are also based on this principle. Rich or poor, illiterate or literate, employed or unemployed all have the right of a single vote.
2. Geometric Concept of Justice: Plato and Aristotle favored this concept of justice. It is a concept of proportionate equality. It means an equal share to equals and unequal to unequal. According to Aristotle flutes should be distributed only among those who have the capacity for flute playing. Numerical justice is sometimes called democratic justice and geometric justice is equated with aristocratic justice.

Proportionate justice:

• This principle indicates rewarding people in proportion to the scale and quality of their effort.

• It is just to reward different jobs differently on the basis of efforts and skills required and the danger involved.

• Thus, proportionality provides balance to the principle of equal treatment.

• The reward and compensation for a surgeon and an architect varies according to the skill that is required in their job.

A short list or shortlist is a list of candidates for a job, prize, award, political position, etc., that has been reduced from a longer list of candidates (sometimes via intermediate lists known as "long lists").

26 November 1949: The Constitution of India was passed and adopted by the assembly.

26 January 1950: The Constitution came into force.