Chloroplasts are major organelles. They contain green pigments that make plants green. They are often called plastids, though plastids and chloroplasts are not exactly the same thing—a chloroplast is a special kind of plastid that photosynthesizes. Chloroplasts do lots of things, but their main function is photosynthesis. Plant cells, and some protists have chloroplasts, though animal and fungal cells lack them. Prokaryotes do not have chloroplasts (or any other organelles), though some can carry out photosynthesis, its cell acting like one big chloroplast. Chloroplasts are mainly green in colour since it absorbs red and blue light via their green pigment chlorophyll that is present in the thylakoid membranes.(Refer to wikibooks.org for more information) Chloroplasts are cellular generators. They take in carbon dioxide and water, and release sugar and oxygen. This process is called photosynthesis. Mitochondria then use the sugar and oxygen to carry out cellular respiration, producing energy. Mitochondria are essential parts of many eukaryotes, but they are useless without oxygen. Therefore, chloroplasts are extremely important. They produce breathable air for life. Root hairs are seen to not have chloroplasts as their job is to collect water and nutrients. They do NOT carry out photosynthesis. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have their own DNA. Scientists also think chloroplasts are descended from a kind of bacteria, called cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are the photosynthetic bacteria we mentioned earlier. In early stages of Earth, cyanobacteria produced oxygen for their friends, the ærobic bacteria (ærobic means they use oxygen). Some of these ærobic bacteria later migrated into a eukaryotic cell, becoming mitochondria. The cyanobacteria followed, becoming chloroplasts. All eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, but only plants and algæ contain chloroplasts, so scientists think mitochondria came first.

Red tide is a common name for algal blooms, which are large concentrations of aquatic microorganisms, such as protozoans and unicellular algae

Each and every thing is important U cannot specify single thing as important

Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water. The energy from sunlight drives the reaction of carbon dioxide and water molecules to produce sugar and oxygen, as seen in the chemical equation for photosynthesis. Though the equation looks simple, it is carried out through many complex steps.

Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried pressed and preserved on sheets

It is usually a sheet in which plants are firstly pressed and then pasted on herbarium sheet. For instance it is collection of several plants which are pasted on sheet known as herbarium.

A zwitterionic compound or zwitterion  is a chemical compound with a positive and a negative formal charge on different atoms and a total net charge of zero. In fact, a zwitterion is not an ion, because the compound as a whole is electronically neutral. Zwitterions are sometimes also called inner salts

Amino acids as zwitterions

Zwitterions in simple amino acid solutions

An amino acid has both a basic amine group and an acidic carboxylic acid group.

It is a special type of cell present near the vascular bundle(viens) in leaves. When the plant has adequate water ,the bulliform cells becomes turgid and makes the leaves flaccid. And when the plant lacks water,the bulliform cells shrink and make the leaves to fold inward reducing water loss.

“A zwitterion is a molecule that has both positive and negative regions of charge.” In the solid state, amino acids exist as dipolar ions called zwitterions. In discussing whether a substance is zwitterionic or not the pH range in which the information is required must be specified, because a sufficiently alkaline solution will change the zwitterion to an anion, and a sufficiently acid solution will change it to a cation.

Activation energy

• The minimum quantitiy of external energy required for the conversion of reactant into product or to produce an unstable intermediate is called activation energy. It is E  
• Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the activation energy.
• Therefore, greater value of activation energy leads to lower rate of reaction and increased influence of temperature change on the rate constant.

When the veins of a leaf show numerous irregular inter-connections giving the appearance of a network, it is called reticulate venation.

It is the largest phylum jointed appendage

Phylum with joint appendages and it is tha largest phylum

Its a phylum of which organisms have jointed appendages

It is a phylum. Longest phylum

It's is a phylum it's example is cockroach

Erythropoiesis occurs mostly in bone marrow and ends in blood stream. Mature red blood cells are generated from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, through a complex maturation process involving several morphological changes to produce a highly functional specialized cells. Red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the bone marrow, the soft fatty tissue inside bone cavities. Two types of white blood cells, T and B cells (lymphocytes), are also produced in the lymph nodes and spleen, and T cells are produced and mature in the thymus gland.

It means outer and inner study of plant body

Metabolic flux refer to the amount of metabolite process buy one or more catalytic step per unit time ✔

Because its grow only those place where air is pure

Pines have needle like leaves. The needles of pines are arranged in a spiral about the stem. ... Like the leaves of all higher plants, pine needles have special microscopic pores on their surface, called stomata, which are important for exchange of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. In particular, the outer surface of pine needles has a thick waxy layer, called a cuticle, which reduces evaporative water loss. At the microscopic level, the stomata are beneath the surface cells, so they are often called "sunken stomata." This stomatal adaptation reduces evaporative water loss.

Listed below are the raw materials used by an entity to obtain energy:

• All animals take in food, water and oxygen as raw material from the outside.
• As for plants, they take in carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to synthesize their own food in the presence of chlorophyll(found in green plants).

For manufacturing companies, raw materials inventory requires detailed budgeting and a special framework for accounting on the balance sheet and income statement. Examples of raw materials include: steel, oil, corn, grain, gasoline, lumber, forest resources, plastic, natural gas, coal, and minerals.

Archaebacteria are the most primitive bacteria, probably by the first form of life, which evolved in a different line from that of true bacteria. These are adapted to extreme conditions like an oxygeny, pH, salinity and temperature. They differ from true bacteria by cell wall lacks murein, cell membrane with lipids (glycerol isopronyl ether) of branched alipathic chains, smaller size of DNA and base constituents in the RNA. These are of three types- Methanogens (methane producing, cause explosion in coal mines), Halophiles (live in extreme saline conditions, contain purple pigment bacteriorhodopsin for ATP synthesis from sunlight) and Thermophiles or Thermoacidophiles (withstand high temperature and acidity, mostly grow in hot sulphur springs).

The pattern of arrangements of leave s on the stem or branch is called phallotaxy

The arrangements of leaves on the stem and breanches is called phyllotaxy

Hooks aid the organism in getting attached to the organs of the host and the suckers help it in absorbing nutrients from the host tissues.

Polysepalous: If sepals are free and not joined together, the calyx is said to be polysepalous. E.g. Rose, Mustard

Organisms which exhibit saprophytic mode of nutrition are called as saprophytes. Saprophytes obtain their nutrition from dead and decaying organic matter. Saprophytes secrete digestive juices onto dead and decaying matter to dissolve it and then absorb nutrients from it.

The organisms which feeds on dead and decaying materials are known as *saprophytes*