Plant transport systems move energy from leaves and raw materials from roots to all their parts. The xylem (tissue) moves water and minerals obtained from the soil to all other parts of the plants. The symplast pathway is where water moves between cytoplasm/vacuoles of adjacent cells. However, the apoplast pathway can only take water a certain way; near the xylem, the Casparian strip forms an impenetrable barrier to water in the cell walls, and water must move into the cytoplasm to continue. Overall, water is transported in the plant through the combined efforts of individual cells and the conductive tissues of the vascular system. ... It is carried upward through the xylem by transpiration, and then passed into the leaves along another water potential gradient.

The pacemaker is implanted just near the collarbone. If only one lead is needed, it is placed inside the lower-right chamber (the right ventricle). If two leads are needed, the other is placed in the upper-right chamber (the right atrium).

 If nutrient solution is poorly aerated in hydroponics, the roots cannot access oxygen. In case of plants in soil, roots access oxygen through pores in soil. But in cases of plants in hydroponic treatment, oxygen has to be supplied to the roots for respiration artificially i.e. through the nutrient solution. Hence, if this solution is poorly aerated, the roots as well as the entire plant will die.

Nephrons are structural and functional units of kidneys. They are long, colied tubular structures. Each nephron shows the following parts - Malpighian body, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. The Malpighian body shows a cup-shaped Bowman's capsule, in which is present a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus.

Nephrons are the basic filtration units in kidneys. They filter the blood and form and concentrate urine. Useful substances are reabsorbed by the nephrons and put back into circulation.

Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER) Consists of network of tiny tubular structures. ER divides the intracellular space into two distinct compartments − luminal (inside ER) and extra luminal (cytoplasm).

(i) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) :
• Ribosomes attached to outer surface.
• Involved in protein synthesis and secretion.

(ii) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) :
• Lack ribosomes.
• Site for synthesis of lipid.

There are three categories: hypogynous, perigynous, and epigynous. (a) hypogynous, if sepals, petals and stamens are attached to the receptacle below the ovary. ... (c) epigynous, if sepals, petals and stamens arise from the top of the ovary, or from a hypanthium inserted above the ovary. In hypogynous flowers, the perianth and stamens are attached to the receptacle below the gynoecium; the ovary is superior to these organs, and the remaining floral organs arise from below the point of origin of the carpel. ... …the pistil; such flowers are hypogynous (e.g., buttercup and magnolia).

The flow of the glomerular filtrate in the two limbs of Henle’s loop and the vasa recta is in a counter-current pattern.
NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is exchanged with the descending limb of the vasa recta.
NaCl is returned to the interstitium by the descending portion of the vasa recta.
Similarly, minute quantities of urea enter the thin segment of Henle’s loop which is transported back to the interstitium by the collecting tubule.
The counter-current pattern and the proximity between the Henle’s loop and the vasa recta help to maintain the osmolarity in the inner medullary interstitium, i.e. 300 mOsmoiL−1 in the cortex and 1200 mOsmoiL−1 in the medulla.
This process is called the counter-current mechanism.

The blood circulatory system (cardiovascular system) delivers nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body. It consists of the heart and the blood vessels running through the entire body. The arteries carry blood away from the heart; the veins carry it back to the heart. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart.

Diffusion

• The movement of molecules from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration is called diffusion.
• Movement by diffusion is passive.
• Diffusion rates are affected by the gradient of concentration, the permeability of the membrane separating them, temperature, and pressure.

Incipient plasmolysis: if a plant cell is placed in a solution with a lower water potential, it will loose water. ... This process is called plasmolysis and the cell is said to be plasmolysed. The point at which the protoplast is just about to pull away from the cell wall is called incipient plasmolysis.

Totipotency is the ability of a cell to divide and differentiate into a complete body. In plants, the meristematic cells divide continuously and give rise new cells of the plant body. At maturity, the meristematic cells are fully developed and functional and develop the capacity of totipotency. This implies that when they provided with all the necessary conditions of temperature, humidity and nutrients at any stage of life, they can grow and develop into new plant tissue. These totipotent cells are used in plant tissue culture to generate a new plant from an explant.

Wilting is the loss of turgidity of leaves and other soft aerial parts of a plant causing their drooping, folding and rolling. Wilting is of three types :
(a) Incipient wilting: There are no external symptoms of wilting but the mesophyll cells have lost sufficient water due to transpiration being higher than the
(b) Temporary wilting : It is the temporary drooping down of leaves and young shoots due to loss of turgidity during noon. It can be corrected only after the rate of transpiration decreases accompanied by replenishment of water around root hairs.
(c) Permanent wilting : It is that state in the loss of turgidity of leaves when they do not regain their turgidity even on being placed in a suitable atmosphere