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The eukaryotic cell nucleus. Visible in this diagram are the ribosome-studded double membranes of the nuclear envelope, the DNA (as chromatin), and the nucleolus. Within the cell nucleus is a viscous liquid called nucleoplasm, similar to the cytoplasm found outside the nucleus. Liver cells often have two nuclei so they can more efficiently do all these jobs. Having two nuclei is like having two sets of blueprints, so the cells can build two proteins at the same time.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years ago
Transpiration occurs through the stomata. The stomata are primarily meant for absorption of CO2 but the water vapors also escape through stomata and cause transpiration. Thus transpiration is called as a necessary evil because it is an inevitable process. The loss of water can lead to wilting, serious desiccation, and shortage of water. Transpiration helps in the ascent of the sap and the pulling of the water from the roots to the tips. Thus is it considered to be a necessary evil.
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The “camels have nucleated RBCs” story is just another stubborn myth. Like in all mammals, camel erythrocytes(RBCs) do have a nucleus and other organelles when first formed (in bone marrow), and in all mammals, these are ejected upon maturity (making more room for oxygen transporting hemoglobin).
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Yogita Ingle 6 years ago
Maximum concentration of alcohol in naturally fermented beverages is 15-16%.
Higher level of alcohol (above 16%) is toxic to the yeast hence alcoholic concentration greater than this limit is achieved by fortifying the solution by adding more concentrated alcohol or by distillation.
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Taxonomy is a branch of biology which deals with identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms.
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Plasma and red blood cells transport carbon dioxide. This is because they are readily soluble in water.
- Through plasma:
About 7% of CO2 is carried in a dissolved state through plasma. Carbon dioxide combines with water and forms carbonic acid.
{tex}CO_2\;+H_2O\rightarrow\underset{Carbonic\;acid)}{H_2CO_3}{/tex}
Since the process of forming carbonic acid is slow, only a small amount of carbon dioxide is carried this way. - Through RBCs:
About 20 – 25% of CO2 is transported by the red blood cells as carbaminohaemoglobin. Carbon dioxide binds to the amino groups on the polypeptide chains of haemoglobin and forms a compound known as carbaminohaemoglobin. - Through sodium bicarbonate:
About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported as sodium bicarbonate. As CO2 diffuses into the blood plasma, a large part of it combines with water to form carbonic acid in the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is a zinc enzyme that speeds up the formation of carbonic acid. This carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3–) and hydrogen ions (H+).
{tex}\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \stackrel{\text { Carbonicanhydrase }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}{/tex}
{tex}\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3} \frac{\text { Carbonic }}{\text { anhydrase }} \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}+\mathrm{H}^{+}{/tex}
Posted by Tannu Madaan 6 years, 2 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 2 months ago
Mitochondria are virtually the only colored parts of the cell.
If it were not for the melanin in our skin, the myoglobin in our muscles, and the hemoglobin in our blood, we would be the color of mitochondria--that is, a brownish red.
Posted by Manish Kharera 6 years, 2 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago
The main difference between freshwater and marine life is the habitat they come from in the wild. Freshwater fish live in streams, rivers and lakes that have salinity of less than 0.05 percent. Depending on the species, fish can survive in temperatures ranging from 5 and 24 degrees Celsius. They can adapt to a change in habitat, like the rise and fall in water levels, temperature and oxygenation levels. Marine life refers to fish living in oceans and seas. These are also known as saltwater fish because they can only stay alive in waters with high salinity levels. A marine animal's habitats include coral reef and seagrass bed.
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The endocrine system is composed of several endocrine glands. A ductless gland is called endocrine gland. Endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are produced in the endocrine glands.
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- Certain adaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify themselves into large, empty, colourless cells, which are called bulliform cells. Example- grass.
- When the bulliform cells in the leaves have absorbed water and are turgid, the leaf surface is exposed and when they are flaccid due to water stress, they make the leaves curl inwards to minimise water loss.
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