Phloem, also called bast, tissues in plants that conduct foods made in the leaves to all other parts of the plant. Phloem is composed of various specialized cells called sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells. Gymnosperms needn't bother with root strain to get water from soil as the greater part of them are developed in cold and dry atmospheres. Consequently gymnosperms need sidekick cells. Phloem is made out of a few cell types including sclerenchyma, parenchyma, strainer components and partner cells.

The word Kranz means “wreath” or “ring”. Kranz anatomy is a specialized structure in C4 Plants where the mesophyll cells are clustered around the bundle-sheath cells in a ring-like fashion. The number of chloroplasts in the bundle-sheath cells is more than that in the mesophyll cells. The particularly large cells around the vascular bundles of the C4 pathway plants are called bundle sheath cells, and the leaves which have such anatomy are said to have 'Kranz' anatomy. Kranz' means 'wreath' and is a reflection of the arrangement of cells. It has been thought that a specialized leaf anatomy, composed of two, distinctive photosynthetic cell types (Kranz anatomy), is required for C4 photosynthesis. We provide evidence that C4 photosynthesis can function within a single photosynthetic cell in terrestrial plants.

Connective tissues include cartilage, bone, adipose, and blood.  Adipose tissue is located mainly beneath the skin, which is specialized to store fats.

• Citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway for metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Citric acid cycle occurs in aerobic condition in mitochondria.
• At first carbohydrates, fats and proteins are catabolized by separate pathway to form acetyl-coA then Acetyl-coA enters into Citric acid cycle.
•  It is also known as Krebs cycle or Tri carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

Two major reactions involved in citric acid cycle.

1. Formation of acetyl-coA
2. Reactions of citric acid cycle

Pyruvic acid (the final product of Glycolysis) under aerobic conditions (in Eukaryotes) is oxidised to CO2, ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), and NADH2 and FADH2 (which are further oxidised to release energy). Eventually, ETS terminates at final step in which O2 plays a role, and we get around (36/38 ATP).  Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through acetyl-CoA. It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine, and it can be converted into ethanol.

The function of respiratory system is to breathe in oxygen for respiration (producing energy from food), and to breathe out carbon dioxide produced by respiration.

The major organs of respiratory system in human beings are: (i) Nose (ii) Nasal Passage (iii) Trachea (iv) Bronchi (v) Lungs and (vi) diaphragm.

In human beings, air is taken into the body through the nostrils, is filtered by fine hairs that line the passage. When air passes through the nasal passage, the dust particles and other impurities present in it are trapped by nasal hair and mucus so that clean air goes into the lungs. From here, the air passes through the throat and into the lungs. Trachea does not collapse even when there is no air in it because it is supported by rings of soft bones called cartilage.
Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood-vessels. When we breathe in, the ribs are lift up and the diaphragm flattens which increases the size of the chest cavity. Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.

The human circulatory system has three key components: blood vessels, blood and the heart. It is called a double circulatory system because blood passes through the heart twice per circuit.

The right pump sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated and returns back to the heart.

The left pump sends the newly oxygenated blood around the body. By the time this blood returns to the heart, it has returned to a deoxygenated state. 

Double circulatory systems are important because they ensure that we are giving our tissues and muscles blood full of oxygen, instead of a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. While it may take a bit more energy than a single circulatory system

The liver (under the ribcage in the right upper part of the abdomen), the gallbladder (hidden just below the liver), and the pancreas (beneath the stomach) are not part of the alimentary canal, but these organs are essential to digestion.

The liver makes bile, which helps the body absorb fat. Bile is stored in the gallbladder until it is needed. The pancreas makes enzymes that help digest proteins, fats, and carbs. It also makes a substance that neutralizes stomach acid. These enzymes and bile travel through special pathways (called ducts) into the small intestine, where they help to break down food. The liver also helps process nutrients in the bloodstream.

Isotropic refers to the properties of a material which is independent of the direction whereas anisotropic is direction-dependent. These two terms are used to explain the properties of the material in basic crystallography. The mechanical and physical properties can be easily affected based on the atom orientation in crystals. Some examples of isotropic materials are cubic symmetry crystals, glass, etc. Some examples of anisotropic materials are composite materials, wood, etc.

The cork cambium is a lateral meristem and is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems.  Synonyms for cork cambium are bark cambium, pericambium and phellogen. Phellogen is defined as the meristematic cell layer responsible for the development of the periderm. As growth proceeds, the cork cambium forms in living cells of the epidermis, cortex, or, in some plants, phloem and produces a secondary protective tissue, the periderm. The cork cambium is, like the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem that produces cells internally and externally by tangential divisions. Yes, cork cambium forms tissues that form cork. AS the stem continues to increase in girth another meristematic tissue called cork cambium or phellogen develops in cortex region of stem. The phellogen cuts off cells on both sides. The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem.

Protein digesting enzymes are secreted in inactive form to protect the organs and glands from digestion by the enzymes. If they are released in active form, they start digesting the glands carrying them and the site where they are released. Therefore, they are released in inactive form and are activated only when proper condition is maintained such as presence of food and release of HCl.