Metabolic reactions can be demonstrated outside the body in cell-free systems. When an isolated metabolic reaction(s) is performed outside the body of an organism, in a test tube it is neither living or non-living. Hence, while metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception, isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things but are living reactions. Here, it can also be said that cellular organisation of the body is the defining feature of life forms.

Prostista is the most diverse kingdom among five kingdoms. All single celled eukaryotes have grouped in this Kingdom. The organisms placed under this Kingdom are very different. Some have chloroplasts, some have cilia and flagella, some are protozoans.

Scientists are still working on getting a better understanding about Kingdom Protista. When one scientist may have a particular finding about a protist, the other scientist may draw different findings and conclusions about the same protest.

Fungal-bacterial endosymbiosis encompasses the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and intracellular bacteria species residing within the fungus. A lichen is a combination of fungus and/or algae and/or cyanobacteria that has a very different form (morphology), physiology, and biochemistry than any of the constituent species growing separately. The algae or cyanobacteria benefit their fungal partner by producing organic carbon compounds through photosynthesis.

Uses of Yeast:

• Bread. The most common use of yeast has been in the making of bread. ...
• Alcoholic Drinks. Brewing wine and beer has also used yeast for centuries to ferment the mixture to make it alcoholic. ...
• Non-Alcoholic Drinks. ...
• Scientific Research. ...
• Biofuel. ...
• Probiotics. ...
• Yeast Extract.

Mold breaks down dead substances and deposits them back into the ecosystem. Also we eat some molds such as mushrooms. Finally, molds help us create antibiotics such as penicillin and many others. Mushrooms help to break down plant fibers such as dead leaves and wood and allow the nutrients to be released into the soil. Fungi are useful to humans because they have economic value. Some fungi, such as mushrooms and truffles, are eaten directly, and others are used to produce things of value.

The mycelia and the hyphae are both important parts of fungi, more commonly known as the mushroom. The two terms refer to the building blocks of fungi.

Hyphae (plural form; singular form is hypha) is the name of the long, individual pieces that comprise a mycelium. Hyphae are often described as strings and threadlike filaments. The hypha is the basic body plan of a fungus. It is comprised of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall.
Hyphae can be classified into categories by their cell division, by their cell wall and overall form, and by their refractive appearance. Hyphae by cell division can be further classified as septate (with septa), aseptate (without septa), and pseudohyphae. The first two classifications are considered to be “true” hyphae.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the foremost authority on threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories, depending on the degree to which they are threatened:

• Vulnerable species
• Endangered species
• Critically endangered species

Less-than-threatened categories are near threatened, least concern, and the no longer assigned category of conservation dependent. Species which have not been evaluated (NE), or do not have sufficient data (data deficient) also are not considered "threatened" by the IUCN.

Solute potential (Ψs) decreases with increasing solute concentration; a decrease in Ψs causes a decrease in the total water potential. The internal water potential of a plant cell is more negative than pure water; this causes water to move from the soil into plant roots via osmosis. Osmotic potential is directly proportional to the solute concentration. If the solute concentration of a solution increases, the potential for the water in that solution to undergo osmosis decreases. ... If no physical pressure is applied to a solution, then the solute potential is equal to the water potential.

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that is needed to start a chemical reaction. Activation Energy refers to the energy that must be provided to potential reactants in a chemical or a nuclear system in order to spark a chemical reaction or a nuclear reaction.
A negative value of activation energy is found in the Arrhenius equations of reactions wherein the rate of reaction slows down due to an increase in temperature.

A heart transplant is an operation in which a diseased, failing heart is replaced with a healthier donor heart. A heart transplant is a treatment that's usually reserved for people whose condition hasn't improved enough with medications or other surgeries.

Heart transplants are performed when other treatments for heart problems haven't worked, leading to heart failure. In adults, heart failure can be caused by:

• A weakening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy)
• Coronary artery disease
• Heart valve disease
• A heart problem you're born with (congenital heart defect)
• Dangerous recurring abnormal heart rhythms (ventricular arrhythmias) not controlled by other treatments
• Failure of a previous heart transplant

The category is an abstract term that simply represents a rank or a level. Taxon represents a biological object and is assigned to a category. For example, taxon of birds is aves and the category is class. The Taxonomic Hierarchy. A taxon (plural: taxa) is a group of organisms that are classified as a unit. This can be specific or general. Species and orders are both examples of taxonomic ranks, which are relative levels of grouping organisms in a taxonomic hierarchy. Taxa is a plural form of Taxon. Taxon, plural Taxa, any unit used in the science of biological classification, or taxonomy. Taxa are arranged in a hierarchy from kingdom to subspecies, a given taxon ordinarily including several taxa of lower rank.

Taxon is the representation of any level of the taxonomic category. It is constructed by individual biological objects. Taxon can be of monophyletic or polyphyletic generation.
 

The axillary bud (or lateral bud) is an embryonic or organogenic shoot located in the axil of a leaf. Each bud has the potential to form shoots, and may be specialized in producing either vegetative shoots (stems and branches) or reproductive shoots (flowers). Their main function is to provide support to the plant, holding leaves, flowers, and buds; in some cases, stems also store food for the plant. An axillary bud is usually found in the axil (the area between the base of a leaf and the stem) where it can give rise to a branch or a flower.

Functions of mesosomes:

1. Mesosomes help in cell wall formation.
2. They also help in DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells.
3. They help in respiration, secretion and to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane and the enzyme content.

Mating with more than one pollen donor, or polyandry, is common in land plants. In flowering plants, polyandry occurs when the pollen from different potential sires is distributed among the fruits of a single individual, or when pollen from more than one donor is deposited on the same stigma. Synandrous means having stamen fused along both their filaments and anthers. (botany, rare) Having stamens fused together in any way.

Volvox is a Chlorophyte, or green alga. It exists as a grand spherical colony. Each little alga within the colony bears two flagella, whip-like hairs. The individual alga are connected to each other by thin strands of cytoplasm that enable the whole colony to swim in a coordinated fashion. Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae. It forms spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. They live in a variety of freshwater habitats, and were first reported by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1700.