Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (myocardium). Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, and cardiac veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart. The coronary arteries are the only vessels that branch from the ascending aorta. The brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries branch from the aortic arch.

The portal venous system refers to the vessels involved in the drainage of the capillary beds of the GI tract and spleen into the capillary bed of the liver. Blood flow to the liver is unique in that it receives both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. In carrying venous blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, the portal vein accomplishes two tasks: it supplies the liver with metabolic substrates and it ensures that substances ingested are first processed by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation.

In cockroach, the Malpighian tubules absorb nitrogenous waste products   from the haemolymph and convert them into uric acid for excretion.

So long answer yr

Archaebacteria are almost as old as the Earth. They came into existence when the Earth was in its nascent stage and the conditions were extreme. Till date, these organisms live in conditions that mimic the extreme ones that were the norm, when the Earth was just beginning to take shape. The image shown alongside, is of the Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park. The brilliant colors observed in the spring, are attributed to archaebacteria. Archaebacteria kingdom is a group of bacteria that are anaerobic, as well as aerobic prokaryotes. These bacteria are adapted to living in extreme environmental conditions, like near volcanic activity, deep oceans, etc, and do not need oxygen and light to survive. All living organisms are placed in the five kingdom system: plantae, animalia, fungi, protoctista and monera. Not so long ago, before 1977, archae were considered to be a group of bacteria. They were thus, placed in Kingdom Plantae. Soon, they were placed under the new kingdom Monera, after the bacteria. Carl Woese and George Fox, were two scientists who proposed in 1977, that archaebacteria should have a separate kingdom of their own. By 1990, scientists found out that the 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA sequences were totally different in archea from other bacteria. Genome analysis of archaea in 2003, confirmed that they are different from bacteria. Thus, finally they were removed from kingdom Monera and the five kingdom of living things was converted into six kingdom system, with the inclusion of the new archaebacteria kingdom. Do you want to know what is the difference between archaebacteria and bacteria? The following characteristics will help you understand the reason for this transition. In a Nutshell Kingdom: Archaebacteria Type of Organism: Unicellular Cellular Structure: Prokaryotic Habitat: Extreme Environment Peptidoglycan in Cell Wall: Absent Reproduction Method: Asexual Nutrition Mode: Heterotrophs/Autotrophs Characteristics of Archaebacteria The term achaio is a Greek word for 'ancient'. This term aptly describes the archaebacteria who are thought to have a common ancestor like the bacteria and eukaryotes. Archaebacteria is similar in structure to eukaryotes than bacteria. There are several archaebacteria kingdom characteristics that help in distinguishing them from eubacteria. These characteristics of archaebacteria are as follows: Archaebacteria have no peptidoglycan in their cell walls. The cell wall is made up of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. The cell wall envelopes have a high resistance to antibiotics and lytic agents due to difference in cell wall composition. They have a very different lipid bi-layer making up the cell membranes. The RNA polymerase of archaea is very similar to that of eukaryotes. The ribosomal proteins in eukaryotes and archea are also similar to each other. Archaebacteria are about 1/10th of a µmeter to about 15 µmeter in size. A few are flagellated and the flagella structure is different from the flagella of other bacteria. The archaebacteria are non-pathogenic bacteria that live in and around other organisms. However, they do not cause any infections or diseases. Sub-groups of Archaebacteria Archaebacteria are autotrophs and use CO2 in atmosphere as a source of carbon for a process called carbon fixation. Archaebacteria are able to survive in extreme conditions and therefore also known as extremophiles. They can survive in conditions that are highly acidic, alkaline, saline aquatic environment. Some are even able to survive in temperatures above 100° Celsius or 212° Fahrenheit. Few can even withstand over 200 atmosphere pressure and live really deep within the earth. They employ different chemical reactions to be able to survive in these harsh conditions. Thus, they are divided into 3 subgroups - methanogens, extreme halophines and thermoacidophiles. Let us learn more about the characteristics according to the sub-groups. 1. Methanogens Metanogens are able to reduce CO2 into methane (CH4). They are obligately anaerobic and can die if exposed to oxygen. They produce marsh gas that can be observed as bubbles in stagnant water. They are also present in the gut of cattle and termites, since there is no oxygen there. Methanogens use carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor to oxidize hydrogen using co-enzymes like co-enzyme M and methanofuran. These co-enzymes are very unique to archaebacteria. These bacteria are rod shaped or spherical, and can be gram positive as well as negative. 2. Halophiles Halophiles are bacteria that can survive in 10 times the concentration of salt present in sea. You can find halophilic archaebacteria in Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea in Middle East. Halobacter uses photophosphorylation for metabolism. They use light activated ion pumps like bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin for generation of ion gradients to pump out ions across the plasma membrane. The energy that is stored in the electrochemical gradients is converted to ATP by ATP synthase. They contain bacteriorhodopsin, a red or orange pigment. 3. Thermoacidophiles The thermoacidophiles are organisms that can survive in extremely high temperatures and low pH. They can survive in 100° Celsius with a pH of 2. Most of these organisms are anaerobic in nature. Reproduction in archaea is carried out asexually by binary or multiple fission, fragmentation or budding. They do not undergo meiosis and therefore organisms of a species that are present in more than one form share the same genetic matter. Archaebacteria do not form spores and a few species of Haloarchaea undergoes phenotypic switching. This means it can grow several different cell types that are resistant to osmotic shock. Thus, the organisms can survive in low salt concentration aquatic environment. Importance of Archaebacteria Archaebacteria are important, nay, almost indispensable, for the following reasons: They have phylogenetic importance that helps in studying their homology and establish their phylogeny. Their ability to tolerate extreme conditions helps researchers learn about the climatic conditions, environment and their survival on ancient earth. Methanogens can grow in biogas fermentors and decompose cow dung into methane gas as a by-product. Thus, they are used for production of domestic gas for cooking. Organisms like Methanobacterium ruminantium are present in the guts of ruminating animals, helping them digest the cellulose. Poor ores of molybdenum are microbial leached using Sulfolobus. Archaebacteria are also used to synthesize thermophilic enzymes, restriction enzymes and are also used as biosensors. Archaebacteria have an important role in many chemical cycles, like carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, etc. Due to their extremophilic nature, archaebacteria have proven to be of great help in the field of Bioechnology, by helping in the production of enzymes that work at very high temperatures, as well as in the production of some antibiotics. Examples of Archaebacteri Methanobacterium Methanococcus Methanospirillum Halococcus Halobacterium Thermoplasma Thermoproteus Sulfolobus Pyrolobus fumarii Methanococcus jannaschii Nanoarchaeum equitans Ignicoccus The characteristics of archaebacteria kingdom prove that life can exist anywhere, under any condition. The mere existence of these extremophiles gives us hope. Maybe we will discover something on the other planets yet!

A zoo (short for zoological garden; also called an animal park or menagerie) is a facility in which animals are housed within enclosures, cared for, displayed to the public, and in some cases bred.  The main importance of zoos is their ability to educate visitors and impart a connection to wild animals. ... The connections that people make with wild animals when they visit a zoo help them to care about animals, and overcoming apathy is half the battle towards conservation.

The classification is based on the spore case.

Phycomycetes – These are obligate parasites found in moist and damp places or decaying woods. Example – Rhizopus

Ascomycetes – They are also called as sac fungi. They can be coprophilous, decomposers, parasitic or saprophytic. Example – Aspergillus

Basidiomycetes – Mushrooms are the most commonly found basidiomycetes and mostly live as parasites. Example- Agaricus

Deuteromycetes – They are otherwise called imperfect fungi as they do not follow the regular reproduction cycle as the other fungi. Example – Trichoderma.

Google it

The activity of many enzymes can be inhibited by the binding of specific small molecules and ions. This means of inhibiting enzyme activity serves as a major control mechanism in biological systems. The regulation of allosteric enzymes typifies this type of control. In addition, many drugs and toxic agents act by inhibiting enzymes. Inhibition by particular chemicals can be a source of insight into the mechanism of enzyme action: specific inhibitors can often be used to identify residues critical for catalysis. The value of transition-state analogs as potent inhibitors will be discussed shortly.

Living organism are not in equilibrium because system at equilibrium cannot perform work. The living organisms exist in a steady state characterised by concentration of each of the biomolecules. These biomolecules are in a metabolic flux. Any chemical or physical process movessimultaneously to equilibrium. As living organisms work continuously, they cannot afford toreach equilibrium. Hence, the living state is in a non-equilibrium steady-state to be able toperform work. This is achieved by energy input provided lay metabolism.

Through the pores present in the walls of capillaries, some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph. From intercellular spaces, it enters into lymphatic capillaries, which join to form lymph vessels, which open into larger veins. Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into blood.

Lymph 8s a yellow fluid Which provide immunity yo our body .

Metabolism has two parts... Catabolism and anabolism...catabolism is the breakdown of food component like carbohydrate....and Anabolism is the synthesis of food component like photosynthesis ?

Lactose is a disaccharide. It is a sugar composed of galactose and glucose subunits and has the molecular formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁. Lactose is made from galactose and glucose units.
Lactose or milk sugar occurs in the milk of mammals - 4-6% in cow's milk and 5-8% in human milk. It is also a by-product in the manufacture of cheese.

The function of respiratory system is to breathe in oxygen for respiration (producing energy from food), and to breathe out carbon dioxide produced by respiration.

The major organs of respiratory system in human beings are: (i) Nose (ii) Nasal Passage (iii) Trachea (iv) Bronchi (v) Lungs and (vi) diaphragm. 

In human beings, air is taken into the body through the nostrils, is filtered by fine hairs that line the passage. When air passes through the nasal passage, the dust particles and other impurities present in it are trapped by nasal hair and mucus so that clean air goes into the lungs. From here, the air passes through the throat and into the lungs. Trachea does not collapse even when there is no air in it because it is supported by rings of soft bones called cartilage.
Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood vessels. When we breathe in, the ribs are lifted up and the diaphragm flattens which increases the size of the chest cavity. Because of this, the air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by the blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.

Museums are “collection of dead preserved plants and animals for study and reference”.
(a) It helps in gathering the first hand information about the habitat, soil and organisms of the area.
(b) The museum is prepared for preserving plants like algae, fungi, mosses, and ferns, parts of gymnosperms as they cannot be kept in the herbaria.
© Animals are preserved in the museums also. The specimens are fixed in chemical solution. They are preserved for longer duration. The specimens are identified and labelled. They are stored and a catalogue is prepared for future reference. Its objective is to record information and preserve specimens for taxonomic studies.
(d) Animals like snakes, fishes, mollusca, insects and others are preserved in museums. Indian museum was established by Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784.

Krebs Cycle – It is an aerobic process that takes place in the mitochondria that involves the oxidation of pyruvic acid into water and carbon dioxide. Two acetyl residues liberate two ATP and GTP molecules through substrate level phosphorylation . Doesn’t consume ATP

(1) Chloroplast are the centres of photosynthesis.
(2) They liberate oxygen which is passed into the atmosphere.
(3) These store fats in the form of plastoglobuli.
(4) These help in maintaining the balance of gases in the atmosphere.
(5) They can change into the chromoplasts to provide colour to many flowers and fruits.

Initially, the stroma was thought to simply provide support for the pigmented thylakoids. However it is now known that the stroma contains starch, chloroplast DNA and ribosomes, as well as all the enzymes required for light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle. Most of the enzymes essential in the process of photosynthesis are normally embedded in the stroma and in the thylakoid membranes. The stroma is the fluid-filled space that is surrounding the grana, and is also involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide.

Blue whale

Blue whale is the largest animal ever in the world

Nucleus pulposus is present at centre of intervertebral disc. It is a soft central part and is reminant of embryonic notochord.

Cell

Cell is the structural and functional unit of life

Cell

Some of them are used as food supplements by space travellers ( Chlorella) Some are even used in ice cream and jelly( Gelidium)

-Algae are rich source of protein -Fucus and laminaria are rich source of iodine -Laminaria and ascophyllum have antibiotic properties. -Algin acid is obtained from Fucus which os used as emulsion

Polysiphonia is a member of the order Ceramiales. The genus Polysiphonia derives its name from the polysiphonous nature of its thallus. The central siphon is surrounded by 4–24 pericentral siphons. Polysiphonia is commonly found as an epiphyte on plants and lithophyte on rocks in brackish estuaries in the intertidal and sublittoral regions. Most species prefer quiet waters whereas some are found in rough or even polluted waters. The filamentous thalli are brownish red to dark purple colored, highly branched and with a feathery appearance. Polysiphonia is a heterotrichous alga having an erect series of branches and a filamentous prostrate section attached to the substratum by means of unicellular rhizoids. 

Classification of organisms is known as taxonomy Father of taxonomy is Ernst mayr Taxonomy is an important branch of science

Taxonomy is a science that deals with naming, describing and classification of all living organisms including plants. Classification is based on behavioral, genetic and biochemical variations. Characterization, identification, and classification are the processes of taxonomy.Organisms are classified into similar categories namely kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

Thanx same 2 u

Thanks

Ok

Photosynthetic eukaryotes that have call wall made of cellulose are called plants

Plantae is the plant kingdom which includes all plants on the earth. They are multicellular eukaryotes. Typically, they consist of a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane called the cell wall. Plants also have a green coloured pigment called chlorophyll that is quite important for photosynthesis.

mycoplasma is smallest cell ever seen in prokryotic cell it also some time cuse diseases

Mycoplasma  is called as the jokers  of plant kingdom as they bear pleomorphic nature. They bacteria have the ability to alter their shape or size in response to environmental conditions.

Mycoplasma