Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): This party was founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Building a strong and modern India is the main goal of this party. The BJP wants to promote cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva). This party wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code and a ban on religious conversions. It support base increased significantly in the 1990s. The Party came to power in 1998 and remained in power till 2004. This party stormed back to power in centre in 2014.

Germany: After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution. Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe. This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states. As you have seen, nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles  to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia. The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.

Italy: Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain. Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.

During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war. In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.

Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. However, much of the Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberalnationalist ideology. The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of Italia, and believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife!

Civilising led by french as they think that europe have the most advanced civilisation in the world . So it is the responsibility of the european countries to civilise other backward countries

Following are the main aspects of the Indian National Movement between 1920 -1935:

(i) Beginning of Mass Movement after Jalianwala Bagh Massacre.

(ii) Application of satyagraha to Mass Movement new methods to protest, boycott, picketing renunciation of titles and non-payment of taxes.

(iii) People of different sections and parts shared a common bond of resistance- united in their hatred against the British rule.

(iv) Industrialists led by Purshottamdas, Thakurdas and G.D Birla criticized colonialism.

The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement was started by the Congress party in January 1921. Initially, this movement started with middle class participation in the cities.
Thousands of students, teachers and lawyers gave up their institutions and profession and joined the movement. This movement began in different cities across the country. The Non-Cooperation Movement dramatically affected the economy of British India.

Napoleon Bonaparte was the ruler of France. He was crowned as the king of France in December 1804. He was known as the son of the revolution. He was an excellent general who recovered his lost territories.

The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. Various social groups participated in this movement, each with its own specific aspiration. All of them responded to the call of Swaraj, but the term meant different things to different people.

• The movement started with good participation from the middle-class in the cities.
• Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
• The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras. In Madras, the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power – something that usually only Brahmans had access to.
• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. The boycott of foreign cloths helped in increasing the demand of cloths made in India.

Phele bat respect se bat karne aya te ha toh bolo na toh koye jarurat nahe ma mujhe se bat karne ki and this for my point ki ma keise ko bolu ya nahe mujhe aap se nahe sikhe na hoga mr.akash choudhary????

Because french govt. want to educate as much as they can do work at lower level or as workers . They dont need highly educated person , they only want a labour force which can work for them

Because the teachears was colons in the school Colons not want to pass the vietnamese student Then they fail the vietnamese student

Because the french didn't want to educate the vietnamese.If they had become educated then they would demand white collars jobs which were hold by french people and they would also develop the feeling of nationalism within themselves and will overthrow french rule. Thus they tend vietnamese to be skilled copist.

Power is the product of potential difference and current in a circuit

The most basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

Democratic government can apparently be less efficient than a non-democratic government. This happens because a non-democratic government does not need to arrive at consensus among a diverse set of people. Democracy functions on the basis of deliberation and negotiation and hence decisions are often delayed. But this does not mean that a democratic government is less efficient.

(i)In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. The primary identities of the people who inhabited were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
ii) But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
iii)The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
iv)Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. The Catholic clans suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

Civil disobedience movement this movement started in 1930 when gandhijis 11 demands were rejected by the colonial government in this movement the response of the Muslim was lukewarm in this movement people not only refused to co-operate with the British but also broke colonial all women participated in this movement in a large scale the along with Gandhiji manufactured soil they also played active role in picketing foreign clothes and liquor shops.Civil disobedience movement was associated with the breaking of salt law

Underground Railways are called iron Monsters because many felt that the iron Monsters added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city the railway compartment where over crowded and polluted by smoke the atmosphere was a mixture of sulphur coal and dust with fuel fumes from the gas lamps

Automobile industry, the business of producing and selling self-powered vehicles, including passenger cars, trucks, farm equipment, and other commercial vehicles. By allowing consumers to commute long distances for work, shopping, and entertainment, the auto industry has encouraged the development of an extensive road system, made possible the growth of suburbs and shopping centers around major cities, and played a key role in the growth of ancillary industries, such as the oil and travel businesses. The auto industry has become one of the largest purchasers of many key industrial products, such as steel. The large number of people the industry employs has made it a key determinant of economic growth.​

Centre state relation refer to the connection b/w state govt and central govt . This connecction brings the sharing of power and also reduces the adminstration work for central govt

Due to centre state relations country could be develped . Both the institutions work for development . So, we have good centre state relations

THANKS

Horizontal division of power shared among different organs of government such as the legislative executive and Judiciary This ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power each organ check the other and has balance of power among various institution is maintained ministers and government officials are responsible to the Parliament or state assemblies similarly judges through appointment by the executive keep a check on the functioning of Executive or laws made by the legislatures this arrangement is called a system of checks and balanbalances Vertical division of power power can be shared among government at different levels where a General government for the entire country which is usually called Federal government or a central government or union government in India and governments at the provincial or state level which is known by different names in different countries and in India we call them State Government and the same principal is extended to the levels lower than state government suggest me suggest municipalities and panchayat this type of government was also adopted by Belgium but rejected in Sri Lanka this is also called Federal division of power.

Democacy is for the people , by the people , to the people

May be...... One vote one value.

Prudential reasons: power sharing avoids social conflicts.social conflicts lead to violence and political instability.so by adopting power sharing we can avoid political instability.in india reservations are done to sc and st communities so that they feel that they are part of the nation.
Moral reasons : power sharing is the spirit of democracy.a true democratic governance include the wish of the people. people can form associations to critize the govt. policies which makes govt. to rethink about its policies this active paticipation is only possible because of moral reasons of power sharing

Economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiment.

(i) In the economic sphere, liberalisation stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
(ii) There was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes. For example, the German-speaking regions in the first half of the 19th century.
(iii) Napoleon's administrative measures had created out of small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each of these possessed its own currency, weights, and measures.
(iv) Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
(v) The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
(vi) The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interest to national unification.

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Piggy

Aap can we ggogle use pics. Decorate cover

Urbanisation refers to the process of a population shift from rural areas to cities, sometimes in search of employment.

There are 6 or 7 keys You can check in your book also

He invaited first printing press