1.A direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of government wherein the citizens have a direct say in the formulation of laws and issues that affect them while a representative democracy is a form of government wherein its citizens vote for or elect a representative to represent them in Congress or the Senate.
2.Although citizens of both a direct democracy and a representative democracy vote in referendums and elect or remove public officials, in a direct democracy their decisions are always upheld while in a representative democracy, the representative may or may not consider their decisions and act on his own.
3.A direct democracy is suitable only for small communities or countries while most countries with large populations opt for a representative government.
4.In a direct democracy, citizens are more actively involved in their government while citizens of a representative democracy oftentimes let their representatives decide on issues for them.

communalism  is a principle of political organization based on federated communes(the principle or practice of living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities)

or
   the allegiance to one's own ethnic group rather than to the wider society.  

The differences can be gauged from the following:Caste in PoliticsPolitics in castea. When we refer to caste in politics, we refer to various forms caste can takein politics, and how this issue which is indeed a social factor gets politicised.Politics in caste, explains how politics impacts caste, it explains how various caste based groups are trying to assert their rights in their quest to acquire power and authority.b. For instance, Caste has also emerged as major vote bank factor during elections. Political parties try to muster support on the basis of casteby exploiting the caste sentiments of the people, fielding candidates of a particular caste to reach out to more and more peopleWe may give example rise of many caste based groups, forwardor backward caste groups who with the support of caste based parties, have been influencing the decisions of the government.c.With legal and political rights beingextended to the historically most marginalised community members, political parties try to expandtheir support base.We have seen rise of many caste based groups and of caste based parties, have been wielding considerable power in their respective statesand influencing the decisions of the central government.d. Caste in politics also explains how caste is an importantfactor in elections, ifnot the only factor.These groups have also entered into bargaining and negotiations among themselves for the purpose of wielding more power, The Dalits, OBC''s have acquired political consciousness pressed for reservations.

The Globalisation has impacted Indian economy in the following ways
(i) Increase in foreign investment, Over the past twenty years, the foreign investment has increased.
(ii) Emergence of Indian companies as multinational Several of the top Indian companies like Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have been able to get benefit from the increased competition created as a result of Globalisation.
(iii) Creation of new opportunities Globalisation has created new opportunities for Indian companies, particularly providing services like IT.
(iv) Creation of new jobs For those which are Globalisation has created new jobs and has helped in reducing unemployment rate to an extent.
(v) A host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are now being done cheaply in India.

Political Fragmentation of Italy Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italy was divided into seven states during the middle of the nineteenth century.
Of these seven states only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. At that time North of Italy was under Austrian Habsburg, the centre was ruled by Pope and the Southern regions were ruled by the Bourbon kings of Spain.
Role of Mazzini:
During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had tried to unite Italy. He formed the secret society called young Italy.
But both the uprising in 1831 and 1848 failed. Even the ruling elites also wanted a unified Italy which would offer economic development and political dominance.
Role of Cavour:
The unification of Italy was a result of many wars. Chief Minister Cavour made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, and Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
Role of Garibaldi:
A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the unification movement.
In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies succeeded to drive out the Spanish rulers with the help of local people. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as king of United Italy.

‘For development, people look at a mix of goals’–working women have more dignity in the household and society. When women are recognised in society, there would be more sharing of household work. A secured environment enables women to take up jobs in society or they may run a business. Hence, development goals are not only based on a rise in the income level but also on an increase in human value. 

The ‘Conclusion’ shows how the world was changed forever by World War II, during which around sixty million people had been killed, the majority of them civilians. There were huge losses in the Soviet Union and China, but the country most damaged was Poland. Massive destruction and economic dislocation characterized much of Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and portions of North Africa. The war and its ending also brought about enormous population movements. Countries faced massive reconstruction, the defeated had reparations to pay, and war criminals had to be dealt with. The war also provided new developments in technology and medicine, which transformed post-war life.

Mahatma Gandhi discovered salt was a common ingredient in the food of both rich and poor. He viewed the tax on salt and the monopoly of the Government on its production as downright oppressive.
 On 31st January 1930, he sent a letter to Lord Irwin stating eleven wide ranging demands of various classes of India. The launch of Civil Disobedience was also stated.
 On refusal to negotiate by the British, Mahatma Gandhi launched a salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat.
 On 6th April Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

• The factory system was a child of the Industrial Revolution and developed and advanced during its course in the 18th and 19th century. It replaced the cottage industry which was more autonomous with individual workers using hand tools and simple machinery to fabricate goods in their own homes.
• Capitalism refers to an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. With political control over the colonies and rise in technological innovations, Capitalism was on a rise in Britain.
• The rise of cities was one of the defining and most lasting features of the Industrial Revolution. In pre-industrial societies almost 80% of people lived in rural areas dependent on farming and animal husbandry. The growth in population due to the agriculture revolution and the rise in industry had reduced the opportunities in the rural areas causing large migrations to the industrialized cities.
• For many skilled workers, the quality of life decreased a great deal in the first 60 years of the Industrial Revolution. Skilled weavers, for example, lived well in pre-industrial society as a kind of middle class. They tended their own gardens, worked on textiles in their homes or small shops, and raised farm animals.

Non-conventional sources of energy are the sources of energy which are renewable.
There is a pressing need to use these resources of energy because:
i). The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.
ii). Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
iii). Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.

Precipitation is any type of water that forms in the Earth's atmosphere and then drops onto the surface of the Earth.
Water vapor , droplets of water suspended in the air, builds up in the Earth's atmosphere. Water vapor in the atmosphere is visible as clouds and fog . Water vapor collects with other materials, such as dust , in clouds.

Precipitation condenses, or forms, around these tiny pieces of material, called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) .
Clouds eventually get too full of water vapor, and the precipitation turns into a liquid ( rain ) or a solid ( snow ).

Precipitation is part of the water cycle . Precipitation falls to the ground as snow and rain. It eventually evaporates and rises back into the atmosphere as a gas. In clouds, it turns back into liquid or solid water, and it falls to Earth again. People rely on precipitation for fresh water to drink, bathe, and irrigate crops for food.

In Trinidad the annual Muharram procession was transferred into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’.
"Hosay or Tadjah is a West Indian street festival, in which multi-colored model mausoleums are paraded, then ritually offered up to the sea, or any body of water. Some contemporary writers equate the multi-colored mausoleums with "mosques." In British Guiana, now Guyana, the festival was called Taziya or creolized into Tadjah in reference to these floats, the most visible and decorative element of this festival. In nineteenth-century Trinidad newspapers as well as government reports called Hosay the "Coolie Carnival.
It was one of the way to preserve the culture by indentured labourers.

1) Multinational Coorporation is a large company that owns or regulate production across nations.
2) They set up offices and factories where they get favorable factore such as availability of raw materials,cheap skilled and unskilled labours,transport and market and most importantly liberalised(free of trade restriction)government policies.
Eg: cargill foods ,ford motors etc.

Five major problems faced by the Indian democracy:

• Poverty, illiteracy, unemployment are still in existence most parts of India.
• Caste and gender discrimination continues to prevail in Indian Society, slackening advancement and development.
• Rampant corruption, red tapism, delays in public justice are weakening the foundation of Democracy.
• Exploitation of minorities in different castes and religions for narrow political gains has undermined the whole concept of democracy.
• Various separatist movements are also posing a challenge to the Indian democracy.

One of the greatest men in the history of India is unarguably Mahatma Gandhi. The way he gave shape and character to India's freedom struggle is worthy of a standing ovation. He sacrificed his own life for the sake of his country. The respect that he earned for himself despite leading a simple lifestyle is much appreciable. Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in the freedom struggle of India. His non violent ways and peaceful methods were the foundation for gaining independence from the British.

Due to following reasons the demand deposits are considered as money
(i) Demand deposits can be withdrawn from the bank whenever it is required.
(ii) They are widely accepted as a means of payment, along with the currency, thus they are considered as money.
(iii) They are accepted widely as means of payment by way of a cheque instead of cash.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP):
This party was formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.
The party seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities.
This party has good presence in Uttar Pradesh and has been in power in UP for a couple of terms.

Maharashtra : Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Nagpur, Akola
Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur
Punjab : Phagwara
Haryana : Hisar
Gujarat : Surat, Ahmedabad, Vadodara
Tamil Nadu : Coimbatore, Salem, Madurai.