• Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings.
• emotions, intuition and mystical feelings were not focused.
• their effort was to shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
• They criticized the glorification of reason and science. -
• German philosopher Johann Gottfried popularised true spirit of nation through folksongs, folk poetry and folk dance.

Factors which contributed to the development of print Technology are:
(i) The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the everincreasing demand for books.
(ii) Copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming exercise.
(iii) Manuscripts were fragile, difficult to handle and could not be cared for or read easily.
(iv) Though woodblock printing was popular, there was clearly a need for quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts.

After arriving in India in 1915, Gandhiji successfully organised Satyagraha (which he had applied in South Africa), in various parts of India.

The idea of Satyagraha consists of

(i) The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

(ii) This idea suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without being aggressive, the Satyagrahi could win the battle.

(iii) This could be achieved by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

(iv) By this struggle, truth was bound to triumph ultimately. Gandhiji believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

The resources found in the natural environment, that are developed without the intervention of humans are called natural resources. Examples of natural resources are air, water, wood, oil, wind energy, iron, and coal

• Renewable – Resources that are available in infinite quantity and can be used repeatedly are called renewable resources. Example: Forest, wind, water etc.
• Non Renewable- There are resources that are limited in nature due to non renewal property and will extinct in the future are called non-renewable resources. Some of the examples include : Fossil fuels, minerals etc.

• Efficient means of transport are pre-requisite for fast development:
• They easily and quickly transport men and material from one place to another.
• They are helpful in supplying the consumer goods to the markets and consumers rapidly.
• They provide immediate relief in times of war, natural calamity , famines and floods.
• They are equally important for the security and defence of the country as they transport the armed forces as well as artillery to the battle fronts and border areas.

There are many challenges to democracy, like economic inequality, poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, regional imbalances, casteism, communalism, etc. The Parliament has time and again passed many laws to remove all such hindrances and challenges.
There is not a single held which has not been touched and reformed. But legal challenges alone cannot overcome challenges to democracy.
As there are strict laws against dowry, but still this evil persists and there is not a single day when we do not hear dowry deaths.
What is required is the cooperation of the citizens, i.e. the mindset of the citizens should be changed. They need to be reasonable, active, cooperative and willing to perform their duties. Legal constitutional changes and the cooperation of the citizens are the need of the hour.
Thus, legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy.

Politics in Caste

The caste system in India can also become politicised in the following ways:

• When a particular caste tries to gain prominence by adding many neighbouring castes and sub-castes which were earlier not included.
• The caste system also becomes politicised when caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes. In such a case, every caste tries to gain maximum benefits for itself.
• Of late, many caste groups have gained entry into politics by terming themselves as ‘backward’ or ‘forward’ caste groups.

It is to be noticed that the existence of the caste system is itself not healthy for any democracy. It mostly produces negative results. In India, it has resulted in the vicious circle of poverty, unemployment and illiteracy for many castes. The caste system may also lead to caste division, caste violence and conflicts resulting in violence.

Caste in Politics 

However, we also need to keep in mind that the caste system always does not play a role in shaping politics or deciding the candidates from a constituency. This is due to the following reasons:

• Not every constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. Therefore, every party is required to win the trust of the people belonging to different castes.
• No political party wins all the votes of a particular favoured caste or community. When people say that caste is a ‘vote bank’, they simply mean that many people from that one particular caste may vote for the party.
• Because several political parties fight elections, there may be many candidates from the same caste fighting elections against each other.
• It has been seen that many elected MPs or MLAs may lose the elections. If candidates are elected on caste lines, then no candidate can ever lose the elections.

A votebank (also spelled vote-bank or vote bank) is a loyal bloc of voters from a single community, who consistently back a certain candidate or political formation in democratic elections.
The behavoir of most/majority of the group are governed by emotions. Set belief systems deep rooted in tradition, not in logic or rationality.
So vote bank politics is to pander to these groups, mostly by using emotions. Mostly use thier ignorance and thrive on fear.

Democracy is considered to be the best form of government and most of the countries in the world have adopted it . The basic outcome of democracy is a government responsive and accountable to its citizens.Other outcomes are economic and social outcomes which includes reduction of poverty,discrimination etc.

Coal mines are found in the states of Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh

State Party: A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party.

National Party: A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.

The Indian national leaders had been continuously demanding constitutional reforms since 1919 when the Montague-Chelmsford Reform (1919) was introduced by the British govt.
The demand for reforms was made in view of the fact that the Act of 1919 fell far short of the aspirations of the Indian people. Moreover, the Conservative govt, of Britain feared a defeat in the election scheduled to be held shortly.
In 1927 the British government in England formally constituted an enquiry commission to recommend further constitutional reform that may be introduced in India.
No Indian was included in the Commission as a member. This was considered to be a direct insult to the Indians. Simon Commission was thus opposed by all shades of the Indian public opinion and provided a common meeting ground for the different political parties.
All-India hartal was observed on the day of Commission's landing in India. Protest demonstrations were held everywhere the members of the Simon Commission visited Lajpat Rai's death a few months after was obviously attributed to the injury' that he had received.
As a consequence people's wrath and determination were intensified. Under the circumstances the Indian National Congress in its Madras session (1927) adopted certain important resolutions which included drafting of a constitution for India.
Under the circumstances the Conservative govt, of Britain thought it prudent to open the issue of introducing reforms in India by appointing a commission. And hence the appointment Of the Simon Commission.

(i) Government can fix the minimum wages rate and working hours.
(ii) Government can provide cheap loans to the self employed people.
(iii) Government can provide cheap and affordable basic services like education, health, food to these workers.
(iv) Government can frame new laws which can provide provision for overtime, paid leave, leave due to sickness, etc.

Vietnamese Women as warriors and as workers:

• Women joined the army and fought bravely against the American troops. They succeeded in shooting down war planes.
• They were dedicated workers. They carried rifle on their back and worked in the field.
• Whether young or old, women began to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country.
• As casualties in the war increased in the 1960s, women were urged to join the struggle in larger numbers.
• They were portrayed as young, brave and dedicated.
• Stories were written to show how happy they felt when they joined the army and could carry a rifle.
• Some stories spoke of their incredible bravery in single-handedly killing the enemy-Nguyen Thi Xuan, for instance, was reputed to have shot down a jet with just twenty bullets.

The expected outcomes of democracy are as follows:

(i) A government that is chosen and accountable to the people is called democratic government.

(ii) A government that is responsive to the needs of the people.

(iii) Economic growth and development reducing all forms of inequality and end of poverty.

(iv) Accommodating all social diversities.

(v) Ensuring the dignity and freedom of the individuals.

Multilateral settlement system refers to an unique economic system by which one country's deficit with another country is balanced by its surplus with a third country. For example,in the 19th century, Britain had a 'trade surplus' in India as the value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India.This trade surplus with India helped to balance Britain's trade deficits with other countries from which it was importing more compared to exporting and that too at a higher price.

It was a revolution which not only reduced the cost of production of books but also changed their relationship with information and knowledge It influenced popular perceptions and people starred looking the world in a different way.

Print in Japan:  The Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around 768 – 770 AD. The Buddhist Diamond Sutra which was printed in 868 AD was the oldest Japanese book. Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed materials of various types. These included books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

Print Comes to Europe: Marco Polo was a great explorer from Italy. He returned from China in 1295 and brought the knowledge of woodblock printing alongwith him. Thus, printing began in Italy and travelled to other parts of Europe. Vellum was still the preferred material for printing the luxury editions because printed books were considered as cheap vulgarities. Vellum is a parchment made from the skin of animals.

By the early fifteenth century, woodblocks were widely used in Europe to print various materials. It almost replaced the books made by calligraphy.