(i) With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
(ii) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items.
(iii) New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years industrial production boomed.
 

French's control over Vietnam affected all aspects of the life of the Vietnamese. The most visible impact was witnessed in the field of economy and defence. However, culture too was deeply impacted.

The French established control over the education system of Vietnam to consolidate its control. 

(i) Economic: For French, colonies were necessary to provide natural resources and other goods. The Vietnamese economy was based on rice cultivation and rubber plantation to meet the French needs. Labours were hired on contracts, gradually landlordism became well entrenched and standard of living declined. To suit the French requirements, for easy transportation of goods, massive infrastructure projects, rail networks were established. 

(ii) Religion: The French, in order to consolidate its control and authority, wanted to exercise cultural and social domination and influence. One such way was to introduce Christianity in Vietnam, establish Christian Missionaries and encourage conversions. 

(iii) Education: The French, in order to civilize the natives, introduced modern education and dismantled the traditional education system in Vietnam. They followed the policy of discrimination against the Vietnamese students, of deliberately failing students. The education system glorified French rule. 

(iv) Health and Hygiene: French tried to create modern Vietnam with modern architecture and engineering skills to build a modern city in Hanoi but the native quarter was not provided with modern facilities. 

(v) Political: France had taken control over Tonkin and Annam for the purpose of controlling the colony and to halt British desire to expand southwards from China. France prevented Vietnamese from qualifying for white collar jobs which resulted in resistance

Iron and steel industry is called as a heavy industry because-
(i) The raw materials and finished goods are heavy and bulky.
(ii) The transportation costs are heavy.
(iii) Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1.

(i) Source of Information : Colonial administrators found the ‘vernacular’ novels a valuable source of information on native life and customs. Such information was useful for them in governing Indian society, with its large and a variety of communities and castes.
As outsiders, the British knew little about life inside Indian households. The novels in Indian languages often had descriptions of domestic life.
(ii) Novels and colonialism : The novel originated in Europe at a time when it was colonizing the rest of the world. The early novel contributed to colonialism by marking the readers feel they were part of a superior community of fellow colonialists.
(iii) The novel and nation making : The history written by colonial historians tended to depict Indians as weak, divided, and dependent on the British. These histories could not satisfy the tastes of the new Indian administrators and intellectuals. Nor did the traditional Puranic stories of the past- peopled by gods and demons, filled with the fantastic and the supernatural- seem convincing to those educated and working under the English system. Such minds wanted a new view of the past that would show that Indians could be independent minded and had been so in history. The novel provided a solution. In it, the nation could be imagined in a past that also featured historical characters, places, events and dates.
(iv) Novels and struggle for freedom : The imagined nation of the novel was so powerful that it could inspire actual political movements. Banking’s Anandamath (1882) is-a novel about a secret Hindu militia that fights Muslims to establish a Hindu Kingdom. It was a novel that inspired many kinds of freedom fighters.
(v) Novels and common sharing novelists included : Various classes in the novel in such a way that they could be seen to belong to a shared world. Premchand’s novels, for instance, are filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society. In his novels you meet aristocrats and landlords, middle level peasants and landless labourers, middle class professionals and people from the margins of society. The women characters are strong individuals, especially those who come from the lower classes and are not modernised.

This Slavic Nationalist struggle in the 19th Century because the Slavic Nations existed as separate states and kingdoms. These were easily prone to conquer by other powers like Russia,Britain etc. In a bid to unite all the small slavic nations,the slavic nation struggle took place.

The prevention of soil erosion is called soil conservation and the ways can be:

• Terrace farming is one way to do so and involves cutting terraces along a slope. These terraces reduce the speed of water flowing down the slope and help in soil conservation.
• Contour ploughing is also beneficial in reducing the flow of water down the slope and involves ploughing at right angles to the natural slope of land.
• Effective farming techniques further help in soil erosion. In plain areas, strip cropping can be used for soil conservation where strips of grass are allowed to stand between crops in large fields. These strips of grass reduce the force of wind and thus prevent soil erosion.

• The first project of land reclamation began in 1784, it was approved by the governor of Bombay, William Hornby.
• The great sea wall was built as part of this project to prevent the flooding of the low lying areas of Bombay.
• As the population of Bombay was increasing, the need for commercial space was also increased,it led to the formulation of several plans.
• Both Governement and private tried for the reclamation of more land from the sea.
• In 1864 , the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the Western foreshore from the tip of Malabar hill to the end of Colaba.
• The hills around Bombay were leveled.  A successful reclamation project was undertaqkem by the Bombay Port Trust, which built a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 , subsequently , the famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed.

Unification of Germany took place in 1871. The unification process was led by Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia, which was the largest German kingdom. Through a series of victorious wars against Austria and France, which were blocking German unification, Bismarck succeeded in unifying Germany under the Prussian king.
Unification of Italy took place in 1871. This process was under the leadership of the King and Chancellor of Piedmont--Sardinia. The unification process was also marked by wars against Austria. Unification was complete when the Pope lost power over Rome and the Papal states.
Unification of Britian took place in 1707 when the kingdoms of England and Scotland formed an union. These kingdoms were earlier separate although they were ruled by the same monarch from London. With the 1707 alliance, Britain became a united political system.
 

While Bed refers to the bottom of the soil, Layer refers to the levels of the soil. In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in these, so formed as a result of processes such as- deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata.

Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advisors, etc., to the industries. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies.

Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land. A sharecropper is someone who would farm land that belonged to a landowner. The sharecropping family would plow, plant, weed, and harvest the land. However, they would only keep a small share of the crop, while the landowner would get the rest.

Ana. In the gudem hill of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerilla movement spread in early 1920’s this movement was not similar to Gandhiji non-cooperation movement yet the inspiration came from Gandhiji.

The movement was basically protest against forest laws. Here, as in other forest regions, the colonial government has closed the forest areas, preventing people for entering forests to graze their cattle or to collect firewood or fruits. This enraged the people of the hills.Not only where they deprived of their livelihood and food but also their traditional rights too were denied when the government compelled them to work free (Begar) for road-building.

They revolted under Alluri Sitaram Raju who was popular because of his special power of astrological predictions and the power to heal people. He could survive bullets-shorts. The rebels believed that he was an incarnation of god.Though Raju respected Gandhiji, he asserted that India could be liberated only by use of force and not through non-violence.

The gudem rebels attacked police stations and attempted to kill British officials.Raju was eventually captured and executed in 1924.

Devising ways and means for political reforms in India.
A. (i) One way is legal reform, making new laws to ban undesirable things. (ii) But legal-constitutional changes cannot overcome challenges to democracy. (iii) The reforms have to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.
B. Legal changes sometimes have a counter-productive result. But laws which empower people to carry out democratic reforms are best, e.g. the Right to Information Act.
C. Democratic reforms are spread or brought about through political practice. Main focus of political reforms is strengthening democracy.
D. While proposing a political reform, one should be very clear about who will implement it and how. Political parties and MPs will never vote for a legislation that is against their interests.

Mass communication plays a vital role in creating awareness among the people about various national programmes and policies. These provide healthy entertainment as well. Important means of mass communication are radio, television, newspapers including magazines, books,internet and films.
All India Radio (Akashavani): All India Radio (Akashavani) at present has 200 radio stations and 327 transmitters. It broadcasts a variety of programmes in national and regional languages for various categories of people, living in cities, villages and remote border areas. All India Radio head quarters at New Delhi.
Doordarshan: Doordarshan, the national television of India, is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. Doordarshan serves over 87 per cent of the country and has a variety of programmes for different categories of people, ranging from entertainment to educational and sports programmes. A large number of private channels have been introduced recently.

A challenge is not just any problem. Only those difficulties are a ‘challenge’ which are significant and can be overcome and therefore carry within them an opportunity for progress. Democracy is the dominant form of government in the contemporary world. It does not face a particular challenger, but the promise of democracy is far from realised anywhere in the world. Democracy as a whole faces certain challenges.
Legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot help to overcome challenges to democracy—like economic inequality, unemployment, illiteracy, caste, gender discrimination. Democratic reforms can be carried out by political activities, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens, in order to realise the opportunity in a challenge, in order to overcome it an go up to a higher level.

On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified as:

• Public Sector: These industries are aimed and operated by the government agencies.
• Private Sector: These industries are owned and operated by private entrepreneurs, e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Reliance Industries, Dabur Industries, etc.
• Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by the state and individual or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sectors.
• Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

Globalization is the process by which the world's citizens are becoming increasingly connected and interdepentent . The way in which the world economy is integrated in the modern world is globalization.

Developing countries are becoming a hub of MNCs because of the reason that these countries are most eager and are underway to develop and want to be on par with the developed countries. Thus these countries ease up their norms and regulations and try to attract these foreign companies to open up their business units in these developing nations. Thus, the profit and ease of doing business in these countries makes them a preferred location for MNCs. They Provide an inflow of capital into the developing country. E.g. the investment to build the factory is counted as a capital flow on the financial account of the balance of payments. This capital investment helps the economy develop and increase its productive capacity. The Harod Domar model of growth suggests that this level of investment is important for determining the level of economic growth.The inflows of capital help to finance a current account deficit. (foreign investment enables developing countries to buy imports).Multinational corporations provide employment. Although wages seem very low to us, people in developing countries often see these new jobs as preferable to working as a subsistence farmer with even lower income. Multinational firms may help improve infrastructure in the economy. They may improve the skills of their workforce. Foreign investment may stimulate spending in infrastructure such as roads and transport. Multinational firms help to diversify the economy away from relying on primary products and agriculture – which are often subject to volatile prices and supply.

1914- 1918 The First World War
1913- 1918 The war prices increased in double
1918-1919 & 1920-1921 Crop failure
1921 Famines and the epidemic Mahatma Gandhi
1916 Mahatma Gandhi organized satyagraha movement in Champaran (Bihar)
1917 Mahatma Gandhi organized satyagraha movement in Kheda District (Gujarat)
1918 Mahatma Gandhi organized satyagraha Movement in Ahmedabad.
1919 Rowlatt Act was Passed (It gave the govt. enormous powerto repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
10th April,1919 The police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession. Martial Law Was imposed.
13th April, 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place.
March, 1919 Khilafat Committee founded in Bombay.
Sep, 1920 Congress Session in Calcutta- Decided to start a non- cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
December ,1920 Congress Session at Nagpur- A compromise was worked out and the Non- cooperation programme was adopted. Different strands within the Movement
1921-1922 The Import of foreign cloth halved.
June,1920 Jawahar Lal Nehru going around the village in Awadh
October,1929 Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by J.L. Nehru
1920 The peasant movement in Awadh spread, but the Congress Leader Were not happy with them.
1921 A militant Guerrilla movement spread in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. Movement started by Alluri Sitaram Raju.
1924 Raju was captured and executed.