The examination is as following:
(i) Modern form of democracies also need representatives from various political parties to form the government and to keep a check on the ruling party by being in opposition.
(ii) Without political parties, there would be chaos and turmoil in the society.
(iii) Existence of political parties in a representative democracy ensures that the country runs as per its policies and ideologies and has a responsive and accountable government that is answerable to the people.
(iv) Without political parties, candidates elected will be independent, will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality.
(v) Political parties are required so that a country is governed as per set ideologies and will be responsible for how the country will be run.

It was carried out by the British viceroy of India, Lord Curzon in AD 1905. It was partitioned due to following reason:

• To break the growing strength of Bengali nationalism since Bengal was the base of Indian nationalism.
• To divide the Hindus and Muslims in Bengal.
• To show the enormous power of the British Government in doing whatever it liked.

But the partition get vibrant colour of real awakening in freedom struggle mass movement which led the foundation of Boycott and Swadeshi movement.

Gomasthas
1.  The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India and to have a direct control over the weavers, free from the interference of the  existing traders and brokers in the cloth trade.
2.  The gomasthas were the paid servants who supervised the weavers,collected supplies and examined the quality of cloth.
3. The gomasthas became good partners of the British management system. They ensured that all management and control of the cloth industry came under the British.
4.  This was so because they were paid by the Britishers and were bound to be loyal to them.
Jobbers
1.  A jobber was an old trusted worker. He got people from his village and ensured jobs.
2.  He helped them to settle in cities and provided them money at times of crisis.
3.  Thus, they became persons with authority and power.
4.  They began demanding gifts, money for his favour and thus, controlled the lives of workers.

• The earliest project began in 1784. The Bombay governor William Horn by approved the building of the great sea-wall which prevented the flooding of the low lying areas of Bombay.
• Since then, there have been several reclamation projects.
• The need for additional commercial space in the mid 19th century led to the formulation of several plans both by government and private companies for the reclamation of more land from the sea.
• In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclairq the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hills to the end of Colaba.
• Reclamation often meant levelling of the hills around Bombay.
• As the population continued to increase rapidly in the early 20th century, every bit of available area was built over and new areas were reclaimed from the sea.

• The earliest project began in 1784. The Bombay governor William Horn by approved the building of the great sea-wall which prevented the flooding of the low lying areas of Bombay.
• Since then, there have been several reclamation projects.
• The need for additional commercial space in the mid 19th century led to the formulation of several plans both by government and private companies for the reclamation of more land from the sea.
• In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclairq the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hills to the end of Colaba.
• Reclamation often meant levelling of the hills around Bombay.
• As the population continued to increase rapidly in the early 20th century, every bit of available area was built over and new areas were reclaimed from the sea.

• With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF or the National Liberation Front fought for the unification of the country.
• It was able to overthrow the Bao Dai regime in South Vietnam.
• It defeated his dictatorial rule and brought peace in the country.

Chp - Work ,Life and Leisure

Criminals were poor people who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges. There were others who were more skilled at their trade, expert at their jobs. They were the cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves crowding the streets of London.

Ho Chi Minh was the greatest leader of Vietnam’s struggle for freedom and unification.
Major achievements of Ho Chi Minh were
(i) He led the Communist Party of Vietnam for over 40 years, organised its army Viet Cong and struggled to preserve Vietnamese autonomy.
(ii) He established the Communist-ruled Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeated the French Union in 1954 at the batde of Dien Bien Phu.
(iii) He died on 3rd September, 1969, but remained as inspiration for all his countrymen.

Demerits:

1 - the rate of benefits to be the member of WTO 2 the developing countries is low.

2 - Many laws of WTO are unfavourable to the developing countries

3 - Certain clauses of WTO agreement on agriculture put restrictions on the provision of subsidised food grains in India 

Merits:

Lower prices for consumers. Removing tariffs enables us to buy cheaper imports
Free trade encourages greater competitiveness. Firms face a higher incentive to cut costs. For example, a domestic monopoly may now face competition from foreign firms.
Law of comparative advantage states that free trade will enable an increase in economic welfare. This is because countries can specialize in producing goods where they have a lower opportunity cost .Economies of scale. By encouraging free trade, firms can specialize and produce a higher quantity. This enables more economies of scale, this is important for industries with high fixed costs, such as car and aeroplane manufacture Free trade can help increase global economic growth.

• A political party contests elections by putting up candidates.
• In countries like the USA, the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party.
• On the other hand, in countries like India, the candidates are chosen by top party leaders.
• Every party has different policies and programmes. Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them.
• In a democratic country, a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party. Then then, give a direction to the policies adopted by the government.
• Those parties which lose elections form the opposition. They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government.
• Political parties shape public opinion. With the help of the pressure groups, the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people.
• Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes. The local party leader serves as a  link between the citizen and the government officer.

Aocial division means division of society on the basis of social differences like language, region, caste, colour, race and ***.
Social differences can be easily accommodated with some reservation policies.
But social division sometimes lead to political division of the country.

Five measures adopted for conservation of water resources are
(i) Construction of multi-purpose projects and canals.
(ii) Solving river water disputes quickly.
(iii) Inter-basin transfer of water.
(iv) Measures to raise underground water table.
(v) Rainwater harvesting and watershed development.
(vi) Avoiding pollution of water bodies.
(vii) Preventing the wastage of water.

(i) Conditions created by war There was an immense industrial expansion due to the increased demand of goods supplied to the army, during the period of the First World War. After the war, the demand for these goods suddenly dropped and so, there was no demand in many industries. There was also a large fall in the agricultural prices due to reduced demand.
(ii) Over production in agriculture Agricultural over production was another major factor responsible for the depression. This was made worse by falling agricultural .prices. As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, the farmers tried to increase the production and bring a larger volume of produce to the market to maintain their overall income. This worsened the situation by pushing down the prices of farm produce further.
(iii) Shortage of loans In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the USA. While it was often very easy to raise loans in the USA during the boom period, lenders in the USA panicked at the first sign of trouble. Countries that depend crucially on US loans, now faced an acute crisis.
(iv) Multiple effect With the fall in prices and the prospect of a depression i.e. banks in the USA slashed domestic lending and some stopped bank loans, thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close down. Factories closed, leading to unemployment, which further aggravated the crises. The US banking system collapsed.
(v) Large-scale unemployment Farm could not sell their harvests, businesses collapsed. As a result, large scale unemployment occurred.

1) The process of unification of ITALY was the work of 3 main leaders, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and Victory Emmanuel II .
2) Italy was divided into 7 states in which only Sardinia-Piedmont was the only region ruled by a Italian Princely house.
3 ) The northern Region was ruled by Austrian-Habsburg dynasty, The central was ruled by Popes by France and the Southern region by the Bourbon kings of Spain.
4 ) The unification of Italy started with the secret societies formed by Mazzini like the Young Italy and the Young Europe.
5 ) Count Cavour with his tack full diplomacy with France defeated the Austrians and freed the northern Italy.
6) Garibaldi with his armed volunteers called red shirts defeated the Bourbon kings of Spain freeing the kingdom of 2 sicilies.
7) Victory Emmanuel the 2nd defeated the popes of France and freeing the southern region and completing the unification of Italy and he was proclaimed the emperor of united Italy.

Formation of the Party :
In May 1999, the nationalist leaders Sharad Pawar, PA Sangma and Tariq Anwar took the historic decision to form a new political party under the name of Nationalist Congress Party (NCP). Sharad Pawar was elected as President and Sangma and Anwar became General Secretaries of the party.
Ideology of the Party :
The party follows the ideology of democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. It believes that high offices in government be confined to natural born citizens of the country.
Features of the Party:
The party’s symbol is an analogue clock, with two legs and an ahum button, reads 10:10. It is a major party in Maharashtra and has a significant presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam. It is a coalition partner of United Progressive Alliance (UPA) after the election of 2009.