• Setting pipelines initially is a costly affair.
• Pipelines may pass through  areas under volatile  conditions like that in Gulf region , which result in tampering and damage to them.
• Any damage to the pipelines may result in water , soil, air pollution leading to environmental degradation.
• It is also difficult to detect leakage and repair the fault.
• It is not a flexible means of transportation, once it is laid out , it is difficult to increase its capacity.

Count Camillo de Cavour had led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Count Cavour was neither a rovolutionary nor a democrat.

Cavour was the chief minister of Sardania peidmont 

His contributions to unification of italy was

 

>he led the movement to unify the regions of italy

 

>he was a tactful diplomat, he spoke french much better than he did italian

 

>through a tactful diplomatic alliance with france engineered by cavour, Sardania peidmont succeeded in defeting the austrian forces  in 1859

Phan boie chau

1. Government can negotiate at WTO for fairer rules 2. The employers can hire workers permanently instead of flexibly. 3. MNC's can see that there is proper implementation of worker's rights. 4. Workers can organise political action against unfair rules and regulations. Hope it helps..

1. Without political parties every candidate in the election will be independent 2. No promises could be made to the people about any major policy changes 3. The utility of the government form will remain uncertainly 4. No one will be responsible for running the country but will only be accountable to their constituency. There will be no agency together and present sufficient views on various issues to the government 5. There will be no mechanism 6. Support the government, make policies and justify or oppose them

Merits of industrialisation such as production in large scale in small interval of time, provede job in secondary sector and also promote tertiary sector. Demerits of industrialisatio are: causes of air and water pollution due to removal of its waste products , explotatation of water due to excess use to requiref amount

Globalisation is the process by which all peoples and communities come to experience an increasingly common economic, social and cultural environment. By definition, the process affects everybody throughout the world.A more integrated world community brings both benefits and problems for all; it affects the balance of economic, political and cultural power between nations, communities and individuals and it can both enhance and limit freedoms and human rights. Social workers, by the nature of their work, tend to meet those who are more likely to have suffered the damaging consequences of some aspects of globalisation.

This is because a party system is not something that has been adopted by the country but it something which has evolved due to the situations in a country. For example, in India, multi party system is prevalent due to diversity in cultures.

(i) Huge Assets and Turnover: Because of operations on a global basis, MNCs have huge physical and financial assets. This also results in huge turnover (sales) of MNCs. In fact, in terms of assets and turnover, many MNCs are bigger than national economies of several countries. (ii) International Operations Through a Network of Branches: MNCs have production and marketing operations in several countries; operating through a network of branches, subsidiaries and affiliates in host countries. (iii) Unity of Control: MNCs are characterized by unity of control. MNCs control business activities of their branches in foreign countries through head office located in the home country. Managements of branches operate within the policy framework of the parent corporation. (iv) Mighty Economic Power: MNCs are powerful economic entities. They keep on adding to their economic power through constant mergers and acquisitions of companies, in host countries. (v) Advanced and Sophisticated Technology: Generally, a MNC has at its command advanced and sophisticated technology. It employs capital intensive technology in manufacturing and marketing.

It is a direct vote in which people are asked to accept or reject a proposal

Foreign Investment provides an inflow of foreign capital and funds and not goods.
Investment made by a MNC or a financial institution in another country is also termed as foreign investment.
Trade between two or more countries is termed as also  foreign trade. It helps in connecting the markets of different countries across the world.

'Foreign trade' is trade done in other countries. When any MNC buy land,building, equipment,...etc in another country then it is known as 'foreign investment' or Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).

Foreign trade is the trade between different countries of the world. It consists of imports, exports . The inflow of goods in a country is called import trade whereas outflow of goods from a country is called export trade

Basic functions of foreign trade.

• Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the produces to reach beyond the domestic markets.
• Producers can sell their produce not only in markets located within the country but can also compete in markets located in other countries of the world.
• For the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.

(i) Huge Assets and Turnover: Because of operations on a global basis, MNCs have huge physical and financial assets. This also results in huge turnover (sales) of MNCs. In fact, in terms of assets and turnover, many MNCs are bigger than national economies of several countries. (ii) International Operations Through a Network of Branches: MNCs have production and marketing operations in several countries; operating through a network of branches, subsidiaries and affiliates in host countries. (iii) Unity of Control: MNCs are characterized by unity of control. MNCs control business activities of their branches in foreign countries through head office located in the home country. Managements of branches operate within the policy framework of the parent corporation. (iv) Mighty Economic Power: MNCs are powerful economic entities. They keep on adding to their economic power through constant mergers and acquisitions of companies, in host countries. (v) Advanced and Sophisticated Technology: Generally, a MNC has at its command advanced and sophisticated technology. It employs capital intensive technology in manufacturing and marketing.

A.The laws allowing the government to restrict the import of corn were commonly known as the Corn Laws.

(b) The Corn Laws were abolished because industrialists and urban dwellers were unhappy with high food prices. As a result, they forced the British Government to abolish the Corn Laws.

The reasons for this:
(i) The decision making process in democracy is delayed.
(ii) Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people.
(iii) It often ignore the demands of majority of its population.
(iv) The routine tales of corruption associated with it.
(v) Most democracies fall short of elections that provide fair chance to everyone and in subjecting every decision to public debate.

(i) The developing countries came under the guidance of IMF and World Bank which were dominated by the former colonial powers in order to uplift their economies.

(ii) Former colonial powers exploited the natural resources of developing nations through IMF and World Bank.
(iii) The developing nations organized themselves into G-77 so as to gain real control over their natural resources, to get more development assistance and fairer prices for raw materials.
(iv) They also wanted a better opportunity for their manufactured goods in the markets of developing nations.

(i) To increase the role of technology in governance and curbing corruption.
(ii) To enhance the participation of common people in decision-making process.
(iii) To make media unbiased and powerful in reporting.

° MNCs can provide money for additional investments, like buying new machine for faster production. ° MNCs might bring with them the latest technology for production. ° MNCs also buy some local companies to expand production, since they have wealth exceeding the entire budget of some of the developing countries. ° MNC are playing a major role in the globalisation process. ° More and more goods and services, investment and technology are moving between countries. ° Most region of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few decades back. ° An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation

These are multinational companies like Ford motors

Anti- colonial movement was an effort of the colonised to free themselves from the colonial domination. The revolt of 1857 is regarded to be the first anti-colonial movement of India. Under the leadership of Bahadur Shah Zafar , several states of India took steps to fight for their rights an bring an end of the colonial domination of the British.

Thanks

General dyer

This chapter is just out of syllabus.....

Pressure groups are the organisations that attempt to influence government policies. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations and opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective. The pressure groups mobilise people to struggle collectively to achieve a specific objective.

Media and the opposition parties are the pressure groups they create pressure on the ruling govt. to amed their wants.

All in one , Arihant

Xam idea

U-Like

i) Existence of political parties in a representative democracy ensures that the country runs as per its policies and ideologies and has a responsive and accountable government that is answerable to the people.

(ii) Without political parties, candidates elected will be independent, will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality.

Plantation: a usually large farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, on which cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar cane, or the like is cultivated, usually by resident laborers.
1. crops are generally raised on large estates of more than 40 hectares.

ii. It refers to the large scale, capitalised and often highly centralised cultivation in the plantations of cash crops for export.

iii. Estate farming is an outstanding feature of plantation agriculture. Most estates have foreign ownership but the labour employed is local. The largest estates are owned by the Europeans.

iv. The Malaysian rubber plantations are owned by Europeans while the tapping and processing of the rubber is done entirely by local people or by immigrant labourers from southern India.

Economic planning means a set of target defined by a determinant authority set up by the government which is to be fulfilled within a specified period of time and is instrumental in economic growth of the country.

The characteristics of a political party are
(i) Political parties contest elections and share power.
(ii) They agree on some policies and programmes for the society to promote collective good.
(iii) If a political party is unable to win a majority, it makes an alliance with other parties to form a Coalition Government.
(iv) Political parties try to persuade people that their policies are better than others.
The above characteristics show that political parties are necessary for a democracy.