• The new readership developed in China which needed a new technology to print.
• Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in the late 19th century as western powers established their outposts in China.
• Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture and from hand printing there was now a gradual shift to mechanical printing.

(1) Impacts :
(i) Constitutional status for local governments has helped to deepen democracy.
(ii) It has increased women’s representation and voice in our democracy.
(2) Difficulties :
(i) Gram Sabhas are not held regularly.
(ii) Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to local governments.
(iii) State governments have not provided adequate resources.

The wealthy Britishers, there had long been an annual London Season. Several cultural events like classical music, the theater etc., and performance were organized for an elite group. Working classes were met in pubs to have a drink, exchange news and sometimes organize for a political action. Libraries and museums were established for the common people. Music halls were popular among the lower classes.

The Human Development Index HDI is defined as the composite statistics used to rank countries by levels of human development. The HDI is a measure of health, education and income. It measures the average achievements in a country in these three basic dimensions of human development, calculated into an index.

• Health - Life expectancy at birth
• Education - expected years schooling for school-age children and average years of schooling in the adult population
• Income - measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

The formal sector credit in India includes loans from banks and cooperatives. RBI supervises their functions of providing loans. These formal sector credits can be made beneficial for poor farmers and workers through the following measures:

1. Formal sector credit needs to be expanded in India so as to save people, especially poor farmers and workers from exploitation of the informal sector credit.
2. Provide credit at a reasonable rate of interest to fulfil various needs of the people by providing cheap and affordable credit.
3. This credit can be distributed equally which helps in benefiting the poor. This can help in promoting agricultural activities and small-scale industries.
4. The absence of collateral and documentation with rural borrowers would ease the formalities to obtain credit from the formal sector. Provide flexible loans in terms of timelines, interest rates and procedural requirements to rural borrowers.
5. There should be awareness among rural borrowers against the exploitation of informal sector credit facilities. The need to keep them aware regarding the high rate of interest and debt traps of moneylenders.

In India, the consumer movement emerged because of social reasons. It was felt that it is necessary to protect the interests of consumers against the unfair practices of traders. Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing and adulteration of food and edible oil gave birth to a growing dissatisfaction among consumers with dishonest traders. This led to a consumer movement in an organised manner during the 1960s. Consumers started voicing their concerns for better products and services.

The three components of a political party are the leader, the active members and the followers.
i. Leaders: The leaders constitute the higher echelons of a political party. They are the ones who effectively run the government if the party wins the elections.
ii. Active Members: They are the rank and file of the party, mobilising public opinion on the ground and serving as a link between the party followers and the party leaders.
iii. Followers: Simply put, they are the followers of the party leadership who work with the guidance of the active members of the party.

a.  Print culture revolutionised the society and world at large. It transformed the lives of people changing their relationships with information, with knowledge, with institutions.
 b.​It not only influenced their way of life but also broadened their horizons. Since more and more books could be published due to advent of printing press it could reach to wider audience which now constituted a reading public.
c. However,  such a transition was not easy as not everybody could read the books. Rate of literacy in Europe and other parts of the world was abysmally low therefore not everybody could enjoy reading rather they preferred to listen tales from the books.
d. To cater to their needs publishers began publishing ballads and books illustrated with pictures to create the interest of the public .These were sung and recited in large village gatherings who could now hear what was published.
e. Oral culture was incorporated in the print and and printed books were orally recited , thus it brought about intermingling of hearing and reading public. 

Liberalisation means the opening of the country for foreign investments and capitals.  Trade barriers are often used by countries to protect the domestic industries from the products of foreign land. Usually countries resort to impose Licenses, Import quotas or Voluntary export restraints to protect local markets.

1. Producers: Tough competition faced by the producers in the native country by the producers of foreign markets
2.  Workers: Job insecurity, denial of fair share in the benefits brought about by globalisation.

Other impacts:

• Increase in the foreigh trade.
• Increase in foreign investment.
• exchange of technology between countries.
• Better means of communication have developed alongside globalization.
• Better job opportunities for people gave rise to migration

Lifelines of a human being are his veins. They carry blood in all the parts the body and keep them hale and hearty.

Likewise means of transport and comunication bring all the regions of a country closer and develop them equally.

The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy because they are the preconditions for progress and development.

A country 's economy depends not only on the production and sale of goods and services, but on their transport as well

A country makes tremendous progress because of its developed means of transport and communication. Without these all the developmental activities will come to an end and the country would meet its doom.

The following points may help you:

a.Information technology is an emerging industry.This industry today has become indispensable part of the Global world that keeps us connected.
b. They provide high data communication facility to software experts worldwide.

c. IT industry has brought about greater interconnectivity among the nations and has contributed in the globalised world.

d. Internet , social networking sites for instance has helped in exchange of ideas, culture, beliefs ,all which has contributed in globalisation.

e. It is this IT industry which has largely contributed in increased trade and commercial links among the nations.

The role of business classes in the 'Civil Disobedience' Movement : 

(a) Indian industrialists had made huge profits during the First World War. 

(b) They became powerful. They wanted to expand their business, they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. 

(c) They formed the Indian Industries and Commercial Congress in 1920. 

(d) They formed Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in 1927. 

(e) Purshotamdas, Thakurdas and G.D Birla attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.