The addition of Oxygen and removal of hydrogen from reaction is known as oxidation

What is oxidisation

On March 12, 1930, Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi begins a defiant march to the sea in protest of the British monopoly on salt, his boldest act of civil disobedience yet against British rule in India. Britain's Salt Acts prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, a staple in the Indian diet.The Salt March, which took place from March to April 1930 in India, was an act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India. The march resulted in the arrest of nearly 60,000 people, including Gandhi himself. India finally was granted its independence in 1947.The 24-day march lasted from 12 March 1930 to 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. It gained worldwide attention which gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and started the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement.

Large scale participation of women was an important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement. During the Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to the speeches of Gandhi. women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

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The technological and institutional reforms made in the field of agriculture are :

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(a) Land reforms : Collectivization, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari.

 (b) Agricultural reforms : Green Revolution and White Revolution.

 (c) Land development programmes : Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone etc., establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loans.

 (d) Issuing of Kisan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, etc.

 (e) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV.

1. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets, i.e., markets of their own countries.
 2. The competition is thus not just within the county, but also from the producers of different countries. 
3. The buyers also get benefitted as they now have more choices and a wider range of products to choose from. 
4. With the opening of trade, goods travel from one market to another. Choice of goods in the markets rises. Prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to become equal.

HDI stands for Human Development Index. It may be defined as the process of widening people’s choice as well as raising the level of well-being. The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover all human choices. It puts the people at the centre stage and covers all aspects of human development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all angles. It is a broader approach to development.
Components of Measuring HDI

• Life Expectancy: It is the average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
• Per Capita Income: Mean income of the people is an economic unit. It is calculated by dividing the total national income of a country by population. It is calculated in dollars for all the countries so that it can be compared.
• Gross Enrolment Ratio for Three Levels: It means enrolment ratio for primary schools, secondary schools and higher education beyond secondary level.

In the metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks minerals are found in cracks, joints. The small cracks are called veins and large cracks are called lodes.

Indian reformers of 19 th century found print india as the most potent means of sreading their views on the social ills affecting the society.Through newspaper and books ,they raised their voice against sati,child marriage ,monotheism,Brahmanical preisthood and idolatry.the spread of print culture provided them with a space for attacking religious orthodoxy and to spread modern social and political ideas in different languages across the country.

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Importance of conservation of Minerals:

• Mineral resources are being rapidly consumed which takes millions of years to be created and concentrated.
• Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable
• Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decreasing quality.

The three measures to conserve minerals are:

• It should be used in a planned a sustainable manner.
• Improved technology needs to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.
• Some of the metals are recyclables.
• Scrap of metal can be used and sore other substitute can be found.

G-77 or Group of 77 refers to the seventy-seven developing countries that did not benefit from the fast growth western economies experienced in 1950s and 1960s. So, they organized themselves into G-77. 
They demanded : 
(i) A new international economic order that would give them real control over their natural resources. 
(ii) More development assistance. 
(iii) Fairer prices for raw material and 
(iv) Better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries' markets.

1. Banks provide loans for various economic activities.
2. Banks keep only a small propotions of the deposits with them as cash.
3. These deposits are used to meet the loan requirement.
4. The major portion of the deposits with the bank is used to extend loans to the general public for various economic requirements such as business, housing, 
5. Deposits are used to meet the loan requirements of people wherein the bank charges interest rate on loans which is much higher than what it offers on deposits. In this way, the difference between what is charged from the borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is the bank's income.

The term "territorial waters" is sometimes used informally to refer to any area of water over which a state has jurisdiction, including internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and potentially the continental shelf

National income per capital of the nation is the most important attribute for national development. 

Most important attribute of national developement is that how people is seeing his personality How leader demands How government take decision

The conference was convened on Saturday, November 15, 1884, at Bismarck's official residence on Wilhelmstrasse (site of the Congress of Berlin six years earlier). Bismarck accepted the chairmanship.

The ethnic composition of Sri Lanka :- 1.It has the population of about 2crore. 2.Sinhala speaking which are 74%. 3. Tamil speakers which are 18%. Sinhala speaking people are Buddhist and Tamil are either Hindus or Muslim. 4.About 8% are Christians who are both Tamil and Sinhalas

1.It helps in maintaining a balance of power between the different organs of the government and reduces concentration of power in single organ or body.2.It reduces the possibility of conflict between diverse social groups and communities.3.It maintains a stability in the political order by balancing power distribution.4.It ensures democracy in a country as powers are distributed.5.It is very effective in the long run as chances of disputes and conflicts among majority and minority is lowered.

5 marks ka geo & 3 marks ka his Total 8 marks ka aye ga ??

8 marks

8 marks ka histoy ka map 5 marks ka geography 3marks ka

4

• Democracy must allow equal participation.
• Democracy must give fair chances to everyone.
• Equality must be in democracy for all.
• One vote must be equal to One Value.
• Majority should not have the right to rule minority. every person must be in majority at a point of time.

(a) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community. When people say the caste is a ‘vote bank’ of one party, it usually, means that a large proportion of voters from that caste vote for that, party.
(b) No Parliamentary Constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. So, every candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to win elections.

In principle democracy is the best form of govt. and most effective in reducing inequality and poverty. Democracy accomodates differences among citizens. Since democratic govt. is elected by people, it is more accountable and responsive than other non-democratic regimes. Hence democratic govts take steps to reduce economic inequality and poverty e.g. If we compare India during colonial rule and India after independence, we can see how economic inequalities have considerably reduced. Freedom and opprtunities are not guaranteed in a non-democratic regime. Although it is argued that democracy has not been able to reduce economic inequalities(it is a challenge to be overcomed), it can still be said that democracy is THE most effective way to reduce economic inequalities(as compared to non-democratic regimes)

• Foreign trade help the producers to find a new market internationally .now they can sell their products world wide thus this will enhance their revenue.
• It will be helpful for consumers as they now are getting variety of products to choose from.
• They do not only have to be dependent on Indian companies many new MNC are entering in the market which will give a cut throat competition to Indian companies thus as the result consumers will be getting good quality products.

The consumer redresssal process is becoming cumbersome because of the following reasons:
1.Many a time consumers are required to engage lawyers.
2. These cases require time for filing and attending court proceedings etc.
3.In most purchases cash memos are ot issued, hence evidence is not easy to gather. Moreover most purchases in the market are swmall retail sales.
4.The existing laws are also not very clear on the issue of compesation to consumers injured  by defective products.
5. Besides this the enforcement of laws to protect workers is weak.

Introduction:- During The middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which, only one, Sardinia -Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The North was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was rules by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain. The process of unification of Italy was the work of three leaders:- Count cavour, Guisseppe Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II. This unification was the result of many wars. Let's understand the process of this unification in detail with the help if points. Steps of unification:- 1) During the 1830s Guisseppe Mazzini led the first program to unify Italy. He founded two secret societies Young Italy and Young Europe to led the process of unification. But he was failed in both 1831 and 1848 revolutionary uprising. 2) Due to this failure, the unification of Italy was put in the hands of the king of Sardinia Piedmont, I.e., Victor Emmanuel II. He was supported by the middle class people in his aim of unification. 3) Chief minister Cavour led the unification process of Italy with the help of France, revolutionary Guisseppe Garibaldi and all people who wanted unification such as peasants. 3) They succeeded in defeating Austrian forces in 1859. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. 4) In 1861,Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy. NOTE:- Irony in this process : Most of the people of Italy were illiterate and didn't knew the nationalist ideology but unknowingly supported in wars. They didn't heard of Italy and thought "La Talia" was Victor Emmanuel's wife!

1 ) The process of unification of ITALY was the work of 3 main leaders, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and Victory Emmanuel II .
2) Italy was divided into 7 states in which only Sardinia-Piedmont was the only region ruled by a Italian Princely house.
3 ) The northern Region was ruled by Austrian-Habsburg dynasty, The central was ruled by Popes by France and the Southern region by the Bourbon kings of Spain.
4 ) The unification of Italy started with the secret societies formed by Mazzini like the Young Italy and the Young Europe.
5 ) Count Cavour with his tack full diplomacy with France defeated the Austrians and freed the northern Italy.
6 ) Garibaldi with his armed volunteers called red shirts defeated the Bourbon kings of Spain freeing the kingdom of 2 sicilies.
7) Victory Emmanuel the 2nd defeated the popes of France and freeing the southern region and completing the unification of Italy and he was proclaimed the emperor of united Italy.

 

The public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation in the way explained below:
(i) Public sector raises money through taxes and other ways to meet expenses on the services like construction of roads, bridges, railways etc. for all people of India.
(ii) Government runs railways, shipping, aeroplanes, metro and local trains. The government undertakes heavy spending and ensure that such facilities are available for everyone.
(iii)The Government in India buys wheat and rice from farmers at a ‘fair price’. This it stores in its godowns and sells at a lower price to consumers through ration shops. The government has to bear some of the cost. In this way, the government supports both farmers and consumers

India adopted multi-party system for the following reasons
(i) Being a vast, and diverse country, the multi-party system was needed to accommodate the vast population.
(ii) The diverse social and geographical features could not be represented with two or three parties.
(iii) The multi-party system in India evolved over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its social, regional division, its history of politics and its system of elections.
(iv) Multi-party system ensures a healthy competition between different parties and prevents dictatorship of a single party. Indian Constitution declares India as a democratic country. Multi-party system fulfils this criteria and provides chance for proper growth of the nation.

India adopted multi-party system due to the vast diversity in different religions and other ethnic groups

1. On 13 April, a large crowd gathered in Jallianwala Bagh to attend the annual 'Baisakhi' fair. 2. Some were also there to protest against the government's new oppressive measures. 3. Being from outside the city, many of the people were unaware of the Martial Law imposed. 4. General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd. 5. His objective, as he declared later, was to produce a moral effect in the minds of satyagrahis

Khalifa refers to the leader of a caliphate

Khalifa or Khalifah is a name or title which means "successor", "deputy" or "steward". It most commonly refers to the leader of a Caliphate, but is also used as a title among various Islamic religious groups and orders. Khalifa is sometimes also pronounced as "kalifa".

 

Khalifa refers to spiritual head of the Muslim community and the head of the Ottoman empire.

Elle was a unit of measurement (or currency...I am not sure. Check in NCERT) in the confederation of 39 states of Germany

Is there anyone to answer it???