The Kalangs were a tribal community of Java.
Their four characteristics are
(i) They were skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.
(ii) They had a great skill in building palaces.
(iii) They were so valuable that in 1755, when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms.
(iv) The Kalangs worked, under the Dutch, when Dutch began to gain control over the forests in the 18th century.

Tea is an important beverage crop which was introduced by the British in India. To grow well, the tea plant needs tropical or sub tropical climates, and deep and fertile well-drained soil which is rich in humus and organic matter. Assam and West Bengal are the 2 major tea producing states.

Mining is known as the killer industry due to following reasons:

• It is dangerous for the health of miners who often have to work in unsafe conditions in underground mines.
• Frequent accidents occur in mines due to collapse of roofs and water flooding. These end up causing many casualties.
• Miners are exposed to toxic materials causing diseases of lungs and reduces life expectancy. Example : Black Lungs caused by inhaling coal dust.
• It had a negative effect on our environment as volumes of hazardous garbage are produced during extraction of minerals from the mines causing environmental degradation and pollution.

 Solar energy has greater potential to develop in Rajsthan to due to following reasons: -

•  It is a hot and dry region.
• There are clear skies for considerable part of the year.
• There is abundant insolation.
• So there are better prospects of trapping the solar energy.

Three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are
(i) Power supply is erratic. Regular power supply without breaks is mandatory for this industry.
(ii) Output of labour is low because the machinery is outdated. Particularly in the weaving and processing sectors, the machinery needs to be upgraded.
(iii) This industry faces stiff competition from the synthetic fibre industry in terms of cost and convenience of use.

a. The concept of liberalism  is very broad and comprehensive.
b. The ideology became popular in the early 19th century.The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word liber, meaning free.
c. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
d. The idea of liberal nationalism emphasized on the government based on consent. Government where constitution is supreme and is based on the free will of the people as reflected in the  French revolution.
e. It meant end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
f. The ideology also stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

A large no. of jute mills are been located in the state of West Bengal , on the bank of river Hoogly. This is b'coz of the following reasons:
1) Availability of abundant amount of water required for the processing of jute.
2) Availability of labourers in a large amount from the nearby states.
3) Availability of easier & cheaper means of transport of waterways.

The foundational challenge includes:
(i) Making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.
(ii) Involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, and keeping the military away from controlling the government.
(iii) Establishing a sovereign and functional state.

• Its main objective was to provide employment to the unemployed.
• According to NREGA, all those who are able to and are in need ofwork would be guranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government.
• If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.

History - Outline Political Map of India

Lesson-3 Nationalism in India – (1918 – 1930). For locating and labelling / Identification.

1. Indian National Congress Sessions: Calcutta (Sep. 1920), Nagpur (Dec. 1920), Madras (1927), Lahore (1929)

2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement (Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement)

(i) Champaran (Bihar) - Movement of Indigo Planters
(ii) Kheda (Gujrat) - Peasant Satyagrah
(iii) Ahmedabad (Gujarat) - Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha
(iv) Amritsar (Punjab) - Jallianwala Bagh Incident
(v) Chauri Chaura (U.P.) - calling off the Non Cooperation Movement
(vi) Dandi (Gujarat) - Civil Disobedience Movement

Merits of pipelines transport are:
(i) There are no trans-shipment losses or delays in transportation of materials.
(ii) Their construction has made far inland locations of refineries like Barauni and Mathura and gas based festiliser plants viable.
Demerits of pipelines transport are:
(i) Initial costs of laying pipelines are very high, particularly oil and gas pipelines which have to be laid underground.
(ii) Leakage in pipes or damage to the pipeline might pollute soil and contaminate ground water, damaging the environment.

• The painting of Bharat Mata drawn by Abanindranath Tagore became very famous, in this painting, Bharat Mata was portrayed as an ascetic figure.
• She was calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
• She symbolised power and represented motherland. The painting was shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing.
• The mala in one hand emphasised her ascetic quality. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms. Devotion to Bharat Mata became a symbol of one’s nationalism.

She was calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
She symbolised power and represented motherland. The image was shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing.
The mala in one hand emphasised her ascetic quality. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms. Devotion to Bharat Mata became a symbol of one’s nationalism.

MultiNational Corporations/Companies :

1)Multinational Coorporation is a large company that owns or regulate production across nations. 2)they set up offices and factories where they get favorable factore such as availability of raw materials,cheap skilled and unskilled labours,transport and market and most importantly liberalised(free of trade restriction)government policies.3)eg:cargill foods ,ford motors etc.

The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was brought up with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the rule of Napoleonic wars.
1) The Bourbon Dynasty which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored.
2) The series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
3) Kingdom of Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
4) Prussia was given new territories in its west and and Austria was given control of northern Italy.
5) Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given part of Saxony.
6) Their main aim was to restore monarchies and create a new conservative order in Europe.

Metalled roads are :
1) Made of bitumen of coal, cement or concrete.
2) All wheather or season road.
Unmetalled roads are:
1) Made in the absence of cement and concrete and sometimes made even of sand and laid as extended roads.
2) Limits its usage in rainy season .

A two-party system is a system where two major political parties dominate politics within a government. One of the two parties typically holds a majority in the legislature and is usually referred to as the majority party while the other is the minority party.
Advantages of two party System :
It is easier to obtain clear majority. 
It provides for a strong opposition to keep a check on the government. 
Disadvantages of a Bi party system:
There is not enough choice for the voters. 
It may lead to cabinet dictatorship by the winning candidates.

Geography - Outline Political Map of India

Chapter 1: Resources and Development

Identification only: Major soil Types.

Chapter 3: Water Resources

Locating and Labelling –

Dams:

• (1) Salal
• (2) Bhakra Nangal
• (3) Tehri
• (4) Rana Pratap Sagar
• (5) Sardar Sarovar
• (6) Hirakud
• (7) Nagarjuna Sagar
• (8) Tungabhadra. (Along with rivers)

Chapter 4: Agriculture

Identification only
(a) Major areas of Rice and Wheat.
(b) Largest / Major producer states of Sugarcane; Tea; Coffee; Rubber; Cotton and Jute.

Chapter: 5 Mineral and Energy Resources.

Minerals: (Identification only)

• (I) Iron ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary, Kudremukh
• (II) Mica mines: Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya, Hazaribagh
• (III) Coal mines: Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Singareni, Neyvali
• (IV) Oil Fields: Digboi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol, Ankaleshwar
• (V) Bauxite Deposits: The Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, The plateau region of Bilaspur- Katni, Orissa Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district
• (VI) Mica deposits: The Chota Nagpur plateau. Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand, Ajmer, Nellore mica belt

Power Plants: (Locating and Labelling only)

• (a) Thermal: Namrup, Talcher, Singrauli, Harduaganj, Korba, Uran, Ramagundam, Vijaywada, Tuticorin
• (b) Nuclear: Narora, Rawat Bhata, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga, Kalpakkam

Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries Locating and Labelling Only

(1) Cotton Textile Industries

• Mumbai
• Indore
• Ahmedabad
• Surat
• Kanpur
• Coimbatore
• Madurai

(2) Iron and Steel Plants

• Burnpur
• Durgapur
• Bokaro
• Jamshedpur
• Raurkela
• Bhilai
• Vijaynagar
• Bhadravati
• Vishakhapatnam
• Salem

(3) Software Technology Parks

• Mohali
• Noida
• Jaipur
• Gandhinagar
• Indore
• Mumbai
• Pune
• Kolkata
• Bhubaneshwar
• Vishakhapatnam
• Hyderabad
• Bangalore
• Mysore
• Chennai
• Thiruvanantapuram

Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy.

Identification Only: Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor, East-West Corridor.

National Highways

• NH-1
• NH-2
• NH-7

Locating and Labelling:

Major Ports:

• Kandla
• Mumbai
• Jawahar Lal Nehru
• Marmagao
• New Mangalore
• Kochi
• Tuticorin
• Chennai
• Vishakhapatnam
• Paradip
• Haldia
• Kolkata

International Airports

• Amritsar (Raja Sansi)
• Delhi (Indira Gandhi International)
• Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji)
• Thiruvanantapuram (Nedimbacherry)
• Chennai (Meenam Bakkam)
• Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose)
• Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi)