Two  measures taken by the Indian Constitution to check casteism include:
1. Abolition of untouchability has been embodied under Article 17 of the Constitution. Its practise has been declared as punishable offence.
2. To protect the interests of the SC's and ST's ,seats have been reserved for them in the educational institutions and in government jobs.Seats are also reserved for them in lok sabha, state assemblies and local bodies.

1. The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. Many of them are drop puts because parents prefer to spend their resources for the education of their boys rather than equally on both boys and girls.
 2. The proportion of women among highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average, an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore not valued.
3. Although, the Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid for equal work. However, in most areas, from sports and cinema to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
4. In many parts of India, parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. Such sexselective abortion has led to a significant decline in the child ***-ratio (no. of girl children per thousand boys) in the country to merely 927.
 5. There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation, and violence against women. They are not even safe within their own homes from beating, harassment and other forms of domestic violence.

Civics 5th Chapter (Only for project work)

Geo : Forest 

(i) Organisation of people into social groups for the purpose of marriage, work and diet is known as the caste system.
(ii) The social structure of India is based upon the caste system. All societies have some kind of social inequality and some form of division of labour, but the Indian caste system is an extreme form of division of labour based on birth.
(iii) Although in most societies, occupations are passed on from one generation to another, but in India, it is different from other societies as in this system hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals.
(iv) The Indian caste system was very rigid. Members of the same caste group were supposed to form a social community that practised the same or similar occupation, married within the caste grouf), and did not eat with members from other caste groups.
(v) Indian caste system continues to be closely linked to economic status.

Casteism means to distinguish people on the basis of their caste. 

These are the five features ofthe caste system in India
(i) It was a hierarchical occupational division of the society. - .
(ii) In ancient times, ‘varna’ system started in India which had four varnas-Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The basis of these castes were their occupations.
(iii) With the passage of time, birth became the basis of caste.

Paul Bernad an influential writer and policy maker strongly believed that the economy of the colonies needed to be developed. He argued that the purpose of acquiring colonies was to make profits. If the economy was developed and the standard of living of the people improved they would buy more goods . The market would consequently expand,leading to better profits for French business

The length of road per 100 sq km of area is known as density of roads.
Advantages of roadways over railways are
(i) Construction cost of roads is much lower than railway lines.
(ii) Roads can be constructed easily in hilly terrains and undulating topography.
(iii) Roadways act as a feeder to other modes of transport, as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
(iv) Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances.
Thus, it can be concluded that roadways still have an edge over railways in India.

The Various challenges Faced political parties are:- 

1 Lack of Internal Democracy- Every member of tge party doesn't have chance to take part in decision making process. Every member is not consulted before taking a decision.

2 Dynastic Succession:- With Power in the hands a few top leaders,all party positions go to their family members.These members may not be qualified as have the ability to hold their positions as have the ability to hold their positions 

3 Money and Muscle Power:- Money is needed to organize demestration public meetings and speeches to publicise the image of the party. Parties choose those candidates who can raise money for the party and win elections with their money.

4 Meaningful choice to Others:- Most of the political parties have some fundamental and idealogical issues. Voters don't have Meaningful choice. Even leaders keep changing parties thus confusing the voters.

The main reasons for the MNC's to setup in developing countries are They Provide an inflow of capital into the developing country. E.g. the investment to build the factory is counted as a capital flow on the financial account of the balance of payments. This capital investment helps the economy develop and increase its productive capacity. The Harod Domar model of growth suggests that this level of investment is important for determining the level of economic growth.The inflows of capital help to finance a current account deficit. (foreign investment enables developing countries to buy imports).Multinational corporations provide employment. Although wages seem very low to us, people in developing countries often see these new jobs as preferable to working as a subsistence farmer with even lower income. Multinational firms may help improve infrastructure in the economy. They may improve the skills of their workforce. Foreign investment may stimulate spending in infrastructure such as roads and transport. Multinational firms help to diversify the economy away from relying on primary products and agriculture ? which are often subject to volatile prices and supply.

In 1815, the representatives of the European powers - Britain, Russia,Prussia and Austria wanted to establish long-lasting peace and stability after they defeated Napolean.
Thus, they drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the intenstion of undoing most of the changes brought about during the Napoleonic wars and creating a new conservative order in Europe.

• The Bourbon dynasty was brought back to power and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.  
• To prevent the French evasion, a series of states werre set up on the boundaries of France.
• This lead to the setting up of kingdom of the Netherlands (inclusive of Belgium) in the north and the kingdom of Genoa (added to Piedmont) in the south.
• Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
• However, Napolean's German confederation of 39 states was left untouched.
• In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. 

Types of Resources:

Resources can be classified on different bases; into following types:

• On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic
• On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-renewable
• On the basis of ownership: Individual, community, national and international
• On the basis of status of development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves

Classification of Resources : On the basis of Origin

• Biotic Resources: All living organisms in our environment are called biotic resources. For example, trees, animals, insects, etc.
• Abiotic Resources: All non-living things present in our environment are termed as abiotic resources. For example – earth, air, water, metals, rocks, etc.

Classification of Resources: On the basis of Exhaustibility:

• Renewable Resources: Resources that can be replenished after a short period of time are called Renewable Resources. For example – agricultural crops, water, forest, wildlife, etc.
• Non-renewable Resources:Resources which takes million years of time to replenish are called non-renewable resources. For example – fossil fuel.

Classification of Resources: On the Basis of ownership:

• Individual: Resources owned by individuals are called Individual Resources. For example – land owned by farmers, house, etc.
• Community: Resources owned by community or society are called Community Owned Resources. For example – Graveyard, grazing land, ponds, burial grounds, park, etc.
• National Resources: Resources owned by Individual Nations are called National Resources. For example – Government land, Roads, canals, railway, etc.
• International Resources: Resources regulate by International bodies are called International Resources. For example – Ocean and sea beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone and is called open sea or ocean. No individual country can utilize these resources without the permission of International bodies.

Classification of Resources: On the basis of Status of Development:

• Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a particular region, but not yet used properly. For example – Rajasthan and Gujarat receive plenty of solar energy and have plenty of wind energy, but use of these resources so far has not been developed properly.
• Developed Resources: Resources which are developed and surveyed for utilization and are being used in present time are known as Developed Resources.
• Stock: Resources that are available, but we do not have proper technology to used them are called Stock. For example – water is made of oxygen and hydrogen, which can be used as fuel, but because of lack of proper technology these are not being used.
• Reserves: Resources which are available and the knowhow to use them is also present but they are yet to be used are called Reserves. For example – river water which is not used to generate electricity.

Cheap and affordable credit plays a crucial role for the country’s development.
Reasons are
(i) The credit helps people to meet the ongoing expenses of production and thereby develops their businesses in agricultural and industrial areas.
(ii) For middle-class people, loans help a lot in
constructing their houses and get rid of monthly rents.
(iii) It raises the standard of living and social status of the common man by enabling them to buy automobiles, electronic items, etc.

(i) All states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers. For example, Jammu and Kashmir enjoys a special status and has its own constitution.

(ii) Many provisions of the Indian Constitution do not apply here.

(iii) Indians who are not the permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir cannot buy land or house there.

(iv) Smaller units called Union Territories do not have the powers of a state. The Central Government has special powers in running these areas.

The standard of accommodation in Belgium is typical of the Benelux countries, with comfortable – though small – houses predominating. Air conditioning is not a common feature (though it is rarely necessary), while the vast majority of houses have adequate heating systems. Expects should be aware that condominium complexes, of the kind that might include a swimming pool or a gym, are non-existent.
  It is a very family friendly country, should someone be looking at moving to Belgium with family in tow. Although properties tend to be on the small side (especially those without gardens), there is a plethora of outdoor areas, such as parks, swimming pools, tennis clubs and children's gyms in every neighbourhood – enabling one to spend time with the family in maximum comfort.

Chemical industry are its own largest consumers because the finished product of a chemical industry is largely used as a raw material for the other chemical industry.For example a factory is producing nitric or hydrochloric acid and those acids may be used in pharmaceutical industry one way or the other.

Undoubtlly Chapter number 2 Indo china is easy compartivly.

What Metternich means by this quote is that if whatever happens to France, the rest of Europe will feel the effect as well. This is do to the fact that France is one of the main powers in Europe and holds many points of influence. At this time in history, France is also the most powerful nation. The French courts were held to a high standard and French was the main language everybody learned in Europe

The ways through which print culture catered to the requirement of children-
1. The press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales for children.  
2. Anything which seemed vulgar for the children was not added in the folk tales. 

A) Political parties are groups of well organized like minded people with the same views and opinions.
(b) The members of the political party agree to policies and programmes to be implemented for the benefit of society with a view to promote collective good.
(c) Every political party has one common aim and that is to attain power in one way or another. For this they contest elections and try to win them. If they single handedly are unable to win a majority, they make an alliance with other parties to form a coalition government.
(d) Political parties try to persuade people that their policies are better than those of other parties.
(e) Political parties are a part of society and thus involve partnership.

Novels became very popular very quickly because of the following reasons:

1.In the ancient times manuscripts were handwritten. These were circulated among a very few people. In contrast novels were read  because they were widely printed.

2. Large cities like London were growing rapidly. Through improved means of travel and communication it became possible to connect towns with ruler areas. Books could reach faster to faraway regions.

3. Novels produced a number of common interest among varied readers. Because of the content of the novels its leaders were drawn to the stories since they easily identified with the lives of fictitious characters. The themes of the novels ranged from family and social lives to rural culture which largely attracted the attention of the readers.

4. A vast increase in literacy rates also led to the rise in popularity and wide reach of the novels.

The Bretton Woods Agreement:

The Bretton Woods Agreement was agreed at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference that was held in Bretton Woods of New Hampshire, from July 1 to July 22, 1944.

The Bretton Woods Agreement is the milestone system to manage monetary and exchange rate.

This created the World Bank and IMF to set up a system of fixed exchange rates with the US dollar as the international reserve currency.