Absorbed water from the soil also contains dissolved minerals (nitrates, phosphates, etc.) and hence it is called sap. This sap moves upwards due to the ‘transpiration pull’ developed in the xylem elements. Thus, transportation of sap from roots to the leaves at the top is called ascent of sap.

It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad tip instrument, brush, or other writing instruments. A contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as, "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner".

1.Indian manufacturers used advertisements as a mode to spread nationlist ideas and also to promote Swadeshi goods. 
2. They also showed up messages invoking nationalist sentiments .
 3.They attracted Indians to buy Indian produced products and with that to boycott foreign made goods.

• Democracy involves competition among various political parties that seek to magnify social divides for their own political gains.
• Politicisation of social problems converts social divisions into political divisions. This often results in larger conflicts, violence and  even has the potential to cause vivisection of a country.
• Social divisions cause ghettoisation of society. If politics is allowed to exploit social divisions it further germinates such phenomena.

Globalization is the free movement of people, goods, and services across boundaries. This movement is managed in a unified and integrated manner. Further, it can be seen as a scheme to open the global economy as well as the associated growth in trade (global). Hence, when the countries that were previously shut to foreign investment and trade have now burned down barriers.

1. It has  enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as MNCs themselves like Tata Motors , Infosys .
2. It has created new opportunities for companies  providing servises like IT .
3. Several top Indian companies have been able to benifit from the increased competition. They have invested in new technology and production methods and raised their standard .Some have gained from the collaaboration wiith foriegn companies. 
4. New jobs have been created and companies supplying raw materils to these industries have prospered.

Software technology parks are export oriented zones where software technology firms set up offices for development and export of computer software and professional services. In India, software technology parks are managed by the Software Technology Parks of India, a government agency. There are software technology parks across many cities of India. They also provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.

Bank ask for collateral while giving  credit to borrower because if the borrower fails to repay the loan the bank has right to use or sell the collateral given to him by the borrower so that they can get money which they gave him as a loan.if the borrower gives the loan in time than the bank gives collateral back to borrower.

• Money is called the medium of exchange as it is something which is used for transactions.
• It is money which is used by people to get the commodity of his choice.
• Where earlier, different products were used for exchange, now money is used.
• Money includes coins, notes and even e-transactions are valid now. 

In addition to erosion,Land degradation reduces soil quality which affects other aspects of agriculture. These impacts include compaction, loss of soil structure, nutrient degradation, and soil salinity. These are very real and at times severe issues. The effects of soil erosion go beyond the loss of fertile land.

• Conservation of resources is important because the minerals and the non – renewable  resources like coal need conservation for the future generation to use.
• They are in  limited amount and can be exhausted.
• Awareness should be spread about the  imporatance of resources and strict laws should be enforced.
• One of the methods  of soil conservation is terrace farming. 

• Religious authorities have fear of the spread of vulgar material through it while monarchs had the fear of rebellions communications.
• The religious authorities and the monarchs feared the printed texts in the 16th century as they believed that people might misquote and misunderstand the write-ups that were in the book form and their authority over the people will be minimized, and voice of dissent would come up.
• There was also no control over the things that were printed. 

The advantages of industrialization are given below:

1. The growth of industries has resulted in large scale production of goods which are available to the consumer at much cheaper rates.
2. There is saving of time and labor.
3. Industrialization has resulted in a considerable rise in the standard of living of the people.
4. A number of substitutes in consumer goods are available. The customer get wide variety of choices.

The disadvantages of Industrialization are discussed below:

1. The immediate result is in the gradual disappearance of many natural resources, the pollution of land, water and air.
2. The increase in vehicular traffic, launching of space ships and rockets by competing nations, the incessant working of machines in factories have brought in noise-pollution and dust and smoke.
3. The general dirty and unhealthy conditions in and around the industrial sites have affected human health and happiness. Diseases, unheard of before, are spreading far and wide.
4. There has been instances of child labor in factories.

Communalism is very harmful for the working of democratic institutions and peaceful co-existence. Some measures to be taken up to combat or curb communalism in India are :
(i) De-recognition of political parties which by their actions or policies encourage or promote communalism. Religion should be separated from politics.
(ii) Removal of communal orientation from textbooks, etc. meant for schools.
(iii) Coverage of news and views on the radio, television and media suggesting not to promote communal prejudice and hatred.
(iv) Setting up of an R.A.F. (Rapid Action Force)specially trained to handle communal violence.
(v) Punishment to police personnel and concerned officers of a locality or district found guilty of dereliction of duty in controlling communal violence or threat of violence.
(vi) Massive re-awakening of citizens in all walks of life to work towards common good of unity, secularism, democracy, equality and peaceful co¬existence and human society. For this, a committed secular and rational attitude is needed.
Through these efforts we can try to check communalism for the sake of our democracy.

• The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depression. Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.
• The Tory government in Britain constituted the Simon Commission to look into the functioning of the Constitutional government in India. The Simon Commission came to India in 1928. Since this Commission had no Indian member, it was greeted with protests and black flags. 

The Scholars Revolt of 1868 was an early revolt against French control and spread of Christianity. It was led by angry officials at the imperial court. They organized an uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces and killed nearly a thousand catholics in Vietnam.

Advertisements played an important role in the process of industrialisation because they made products desirable and important.

They also made products appear of good quality and legitimate. Hence, it created a new consumer culture.

It has become a market of its own and offers a large number of jobs.