Federalism in India refers to relationship between the Central Government and the State governments of India. The Constitution of India establishes the structure of the Indian government.

The distrust between Tamil speaking and the Sinhalese over the majoritarianism issue resulted in a wider conflict which soon turned into a civil war.

The following were the results of the civil war:

1. Thousands of people of Sinhala and Tamil communities were killed.
2. Many families were forced to leave the country and many more lost their livelihood.
3. Sri Lanka, in general, suffered from an economic crisis.
4. Civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social-cultural and economic life of the country.

A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. They can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop the flow. An example of a hydraulic structure would be a dam, which slows the normal flow rate of the river in order to power turbines. A hydraulic structure can be built in rivers, a sea, or any body of water where there is a need for a change in the natural flow of water.

Examples of hydraulic structures in India developed in ancient times are :

(i) For channelling the flood water of Ganga, water harvesting system was built near Allahabad in the first century BC.

(ii) Dams, lakes and irrigation systems were built during the time of Chandragupta Maurya.

(iii) Sophisticated irrigation systems were found in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra.

(iv) In the 11th century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time, was built.

(v) The tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by lltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area in the 14th century.

The division of power between the Central and State Governments is done in a three fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Government. There are three lists i.e. Union List, State List and Conturrent List. (i) Union List It includes subjects of national importance, e.g. defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. The Central Government alone can make decisions on these matters. The aim of including these matters in Union List is to ensure uniformity in the policy of these areas throughout the country. (ii) State List It contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Government alone can make laws and decisions on these areas. (iii) Concurrent List It includes those subjects which are of common interest to both the Central as well as State Governments. It includes matters like education, forests, marriage and trade unions. Both the State and Central Government can make decision on these matters.

Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. Communalism involves thinking along the following lines. The followers of a particular religion must belong to one community. Their fundamental interests are the same.

Sacred Groves is a conventional way of preserving nature and ecology by local people which are intertwined with their religious and cultural practises.It is a great step in the conservation of bio diversity. Rare and endemic species are conserved through sacred groves.

The Frankfurt Parliament, which was convented in 1848, was the first major step taken towards the unification of German states. But this liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by the combined forces of the Monarchy and big landlords of Prussia. From then Prussia took the Initiative to unify Germany.

 It is necessary to increase the area under forest in India because:

1. It is because the forest area in India is below the recommended ratio of 33% of the total geographical area of the country which is presently 22.47%.
2. Forest plays a major role in enhancing the environment of a country, modify the local climate, control soil erosion and regulate streamflow.
3. A number of animals and plant species are so far endangered and extinct. These are to be protected to maintain ecological balance.

If there is a conflict between the Union parliament and the Stae Legislature on any law in the Concurrent List, the Union Law will prevail.

Restructuring the Centre-State relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. If no single party gets a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties can alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form a government at the Centre.

Consumption means using the resources that are available and conservation means to use the available resources in an ethical and sustainable way. To maintain the ecological balance in the world.

 The Indian cropping season is classified into three crop seasons in interiors and Northern parts of India: Rabi,Kharif and Jayad. Their features are as follows:

1. Kharif crops are sown with South-west Monsoon in June-July and harvested in January. It includes crops like rice, cotton, jute, jawar, bajra, arhar and corn.
2. Rabi crops are sown in October-November and harvested in March-April. It includes wheat, gram, mustard, etc.
3. Jayad is a short term summer crop. These crops are sown after rabi crops. It includes water-melon, musk-melon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder, etc.

The unification process was led by Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia, which was the largest German kingdom. Through a series of victorious wars against Austria and France, which were blocking German unification, Bismarck succeeded in unifying Germany under the Prussian king. Unification of Italy took place in 1871.

The Frankfurt Parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions. It was convened on 18 May, 1848 in the Church of St. Paul, in the city of Frankfurt.

A geographer is a scholar whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society. A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the processes and history that has shaped it.

The caricaturist is depicting the club of liberal nationalists which dates back 1820. Conservative regimes were set up in 1815. These regimes were autocratic they were not ready to tolerate criticism and dissent. They curbed all the actions which put a question mark on the legitimacy of autocratic governments.