Democracy accommodate different social groups int he following ways:

• In a democracy, the views of the minority community is also taken into account. Majority communities do not force their views on minorities. 
• Democracy accommodates social diversity as it allows for equality, fair representation to all irrespective of their caste, creed, colour, race, religion, language or place of residence.
• The weaker sections of society are given economic benifits to help them to improve their socio-economic condition so that they can live a dignified life.

The human heart is a muscular organ that is about a size of a fist that pumps blood all the way through a set of connections between arteries and veins. It is known as the cardiovascular system. It involves systemic and pulmonary circulation.

The cardiac cycle attributes to a comprehensive heartbeat from its production to the commencement of the next beat, and so, it comprises of diastole, the systole, and the intervening pause. The occurrence of a cardiac cycle is illustrated by a heart rate, which is naturally indicated as beats per minute. That is our heart beats 72 times per minute which states that there are 72 cardiac cycles per minute.

Heartbeat Comprises of 5 Stages

Ventricular Filling Stage: In this stage, blood flows from atria into the ventricles. It is altogether known as one stage (first and second stage). After that, they are three phases that involve the flow of blood to the pulmonary artery from ventricles.

Cardiac Cycle Physiology

The human Heart consists of four chambers, comprising of left and right halves. Two upper chambers include left and right atria; lower two chambers include right and left ventricles.  The key function of the right ventricle is to pump deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary trunk to lungs. While the left ventricle is responsible for pumping newly oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

Cardiac Cycle Phases

Diastole: In this stage chambers of the heart are calmed. That is when the aortic valve and pulmonary artery closes and atrioventricular valves open thus causing chambers of the heart to relax.

Atrial Systole: At this phase, blood cells flow from atrium to ventricle and at this period atrium contracts.

Isovolumic Contraction: At this stage, ventricles begin to contract. The atrioventricular valves, valve, and pulmonary artery valves close but there won’t be any transformation in volume.

Ventricular Ejection: Here ventricles contract and emptying. Pulmonary artery and aortic valve close.

Isovolumic Relaxation: In this phase, no blood enters the ventricles and consequently forth pressure decreases, ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax. Now due to the pressure in the aorta – pulmonary artery and aortic valve close.

Legal constitutional changes can't overcome challenges to democracy by themselves:
1. Reforms in the law or constitution can be a deterrent to malpractices in politics and power but that is not enough.
2. For example, in cricket, LBW law was made to stop batsmen from using wrong ways in batting and saving the wicket. However, how effective the law would depend on the batsmen, the players, and the referee.
3. In politics, the only law cannot ensure fairness and justice. The politicians and the people themselves also have to take efforts in reforming politics.

• Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified in the Constitution to ensure their financial autonomy.
• The Speaker said that some governors who opposed local government autonomy were of the view that local governments will collapse if their administration they handed over to the elected chairmen.
• He, however, argued that state governors would have “extricated themselves from blame if they let local governments free.”

Over lapping social difference: If social differences overlap each other it may lead to social division and if one social difference is given preference then people would begin to think that they belong to different community. It always leads to social division and disintegration of the country. Example:- USA: The blacks are discriminated by the whites due to their poverty (racial discrimination).

Cross cutting social difference :  If social difference cross-cut each other we would find it difficult to find which group is against the other. These groups may have similar views on some issues and different on other issues.  It encourages diversity and accommodates unity. 
Example:- Netherland: The main religion here is Christianity. They have division as Catholics and Protestants. Here class and religion cross-cut each other. Neither of them are rich or poor and do not have conflict between them.

In modern democracies, power sharing can take the following forms:
1. Organs of Government: In democracy, power shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power, it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to excercise different powers. No organ can excercise unlimited power as each organ checks the others.
2. Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government.
3. Social Groups:  Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In iIndia there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.

(i) The percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 percent of its total strength.
(ii) The share of women in the State Assemblies is less than 5 percent. In this respect, India is among the bottom group of nations in the world. India is behind the averages for several developing countries of Africa and Latin America.
(iii) In the government, Cabinets are largely all male even when a women becomes the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.
(iv) There is urgent need to increase women representation in the legislature to empower women.

In India,the proportion of women in legislature has been very low,for example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10% of its total strength
their share in state assemblies is less than 5%
In this respect,India is among the bottom group of the nations in the world India is behind the averages for several developing countries of Africa and Latin America.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded two underground societies; first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an important figure in liberal natioanlism. He made a significant contribution to the unification of Italy.

By 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini put forward a coherent programme of a unitary Italian Republic formed a secret society named Young Italy to inspire them with ideas of unification.

Inspired by Mazzini several Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.

He inspired the youth of Italy with natioanlist ideas.

He believed God intended nations to be natural units of mankind and Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.

He founded the underground secret societies Youth Italy Italy and Young Europe to involve the youth in revolutionary activities.

Giuseppe Mazzini  was an Italian revolutionary, who was born in Genoa in 1807. He was sent into exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. He inspired the young members of these societies to involve in revolutionary activities.

1) Earliest towns and cities emerged along river valleys. Some of them were Mohenjodaro and Ur.
2) Early cities could arise only when there were surplus food crops to feed a large number of non-farming producers.
3) Cities were varied in size. There were thickly populated cities which functioned as economic and political centres and maintained huge populations.
4) These cities varied greatly in size and complexity. Some were metropolises and oilier; smaller urban centres.
5) Industrialisation played an important role in the expansion of cities.

(i) Fear of spread of irreligious thoughts: Not everyone welcomed the printed book, and those who did also had fears about it. Many were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to the printed word and the wider circulation of books, could have on people’s minds. It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread.
(ii) Division of Church: In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. This lead to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
(iii) Index of prohibited books: The Roman Church, troubled by such effects of popular readings and questionings of faith, imposed severe controls • over publishers and booksellers and began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.
{iv) Print and Muslims: To check conversion or fear of change of laws Muslims used cheap lithographic presses-, published Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures, and printed religious newspapers and tracts. The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published many fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives, and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.
(v) Print and Hindus: Among Hindus, too, print encouraged the reading of religious texts, especially in the vernacular languages. The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmant MS of Tulsidas, a sixteenth- century text, came out from Calcutta in 1810. Religious texts, therefore, reached a very wide circle of people, encouraging discussions, debates and controversies within and among different religions.

Caste inequality is one of the kinds of social inequality in which people are discriminated against on the basis of origin or caste.
(i) It is the basic constituent of caste system.
(ii) Caste inequality is both hierarchical and segmentary. .
(iii) The most detremental aspect of the caste inequality is the practice of untouchability.

(i) Once the print culture emerged, novels were widely read and became very popular. Novels produced a number of common interests among the scattered and varied readers.
(ii) As the readers were drawn into the story and identified with the lives of fictitious characters they could think about issues such as relationship between love and marriage, the proper conduct of men and women and so on.
(iii) While reading a novel, the reader was transported to another person’s world and began to looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the novel.
(iv) Besides novels allowed the pleasure of reading in private as well as the joy of publicly discussing or reading stories with friends and relatives.
(v) Novels written in vernacular or spoken languages of the people were particularly popular because these were closer to the heart of the reader.