Iron-ore, coking coal and limestone are the basic raw material for the iron and steel industry. Iron and steel industry is located near the iron and coal deposits particularly at Jamshedpur in Bihar or in the Chhotanagpur area, bordering West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh, because of the following reasons:
1. All the raw materials required for iron and steel industry like iron-ore, coking coal and the limestone are available in this area.
2. Because all these things are heavy and bulky ,the location of this industry is therefore, governed by the close proximity to raw materials. Bulky and heavy raw materials exert much pressure to locate the industry nearby i.e., in the Chhotanagpur area. Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Durgapur etc, are all situated in this area.
3. Means of transport, like railways and roads, also pass through this area on stupendous scale, so manufactured goods can easily be distributed within the country and also exported to other countries.
4. Fourthly, if the iron and steel industries are near the iron and coal mines, the labour problem is also solved to a great extent. The labour and other facilities are easily available there.

Two types of democracy - (1) Direct democracy (2) Indirect democracy
(1) People may express their feelings and expectations as their demands
(2) There is adjustment between two social divisions with different interests.
(3) Democracy is a system of governance of the people to rule on their own.

A large no. of jute mills will be located in the state of West Bengal , on the bank of river Hoogly. This is b'coz of the following reasons:
1. ​Availability of abundant amount of water required for the processing of jute.
2. Availability of labourers in a large amount from the nearby states.
3. Availability of easier & cheaper means of transport of waterways.

The Globalisation has impacted Indian economy in the following ways
(i) Increase in foreign investment, Over the past twenty years, the foreign investment has increased.
(ii) Emergence of Indian companies as multinational Several of the top Indian companies like Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have been able to get benefit from the increased competition created as a result of Globalisation.
(iii) Creation of new opportunities Globalisation has created new opportunities for Indian companies, particularly providing services like IT.
(iv) Creation of new jobs For those which are Globalisation has created new jobs and has helped in reducing unemployment rate to an extent.
(v) A host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are now being done cheaply in India.

The Ho Chi Minh trail was an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the North to the South.
The importance of the Ho Chi Minh trail were
(i) The story of the Ho Chi Minh trail is one way of understanding the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought against the US.
(ii) It symbolises how the Vietnamese used their limited resources against the super power like the USA.
(iii) The trail was used by about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops who came to the South each month using this trail.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded two underground societies; first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an important figure in liberal natioanlism. He made a significant contribution to the unification of Italy.

By 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini put forward a coherent programme of a unitary Italian Republic formed a secret society named Young Italy to inspire them with ideas of unification.

Inspired by Mazzini several Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.

He inspired the youth of Italy with natioanlist ideas.

He believed God intended nations to be natural units of mankind and Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.

He founded the underground secret societies Youth Italy Italy and Young Europe to involve the youth in revolutionary activities.

Pressure groups influence politics in the following ways:

• They carry out campaigns, hold protests and rallies in order to gain attention and support of the people. They also try to influence media to give attention to the issues raised by them.
• Pressure groups organise protest rallies or disrupt the government programmes.
• Professional lobbyists are employed by the business groups in order to influence the decision making body of the government.
• Pressure groups and movements play an important role in a democracy. They help in widening democracy. They force the government to recognise and implement laws benefiting wider interests of the society. When a sectional interest group influences the government to make policies in their favour, another group may bring counter pressure on the government to not make laws, the way in which the first group desires. This results in maintaining balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interests of the society.

(i) Ideas of the enlightened : The print popularised the ideas of the enlightened thinkers, who attacked the authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, e.g., Voltaire and Rousseau.
(ii) New culture : The print created a new culture of dialogue and debate and the public became aware of reasoning. They recognised the need to question the existing ideas and beliefs.
(iii) Criticism of the noble class : The literature of 1780s mocked the royalty and criticised their morality and the existing social order. This literature led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy.
(iv) New thinking : Print did not directly shape the minds of the people, but it did open up the possibility of thinking differently.
(v) Role of means of mass communication : Means of mass communication like newspaper, journals, chapbooks carried information about wars, trade as well as news of development in other places. All this had a impact on the minds of the people.

(i) Primary Sector (or Agriculture sector). It includes all those economic activities which are connected with extraction and production of natural resources, e.g., agriculture, fishing, mining, etc.
(ii) Secondary Sector (or Industrial sector). It includes all activities which are concerned with the processing materials which have already been extracted at the primary stage, e.g., the mining of iron ore is primary industry, but manufacture of steel is secondary industry.
(iii) Tertiary Sector (or Service sector). It is concerned with providing support services to primary and secondary sector and includes transport, banking, insurance, warehousing, communication, advertising, etc. It facilitates smooth flow of goods and services in the economy. Importance of tertiary sector has been observed in the last decade and its contribution to GDP has also risen.

• Religious discrimination is unequal treatment of an individual or group based on their beliefs.
• In 2012, religious hostilities increased in every major region of the world except the Americas.
• Government hostilities can include favoritism of a religious group, limits on conversion, foreign missionaries, attempts to eliminate a group, prohibition of worship or practice of certain beliefs, violence towards a minority group, and more.

When one religion is pitted against another; by the political class, this is called communalism or communal politics.

Communalism can take various forms in politics:

• Many people think of their religion as superior to all other religions. Such people often try to dominate the people from other communities. This can result in people from the minority community to form a separate political unit.
• Sometimes, sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal, etc. are used to instill a sense of fear among people of a particular community. This is done with an attempt to polarize people on communal lines.
• Communalism can also take the ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre.

Communalism means that people of the same religion have common cultural, economic, political and social interests. Thus religion based communities form as the primary unit of a society. According to communal ideology, people of different religions have divergent interests and this can prove to be antagonistic. This often leads to communal tension. Moreover, in democracies, the political parties exploit the communal ideas and foster them to secure their selfish interests.
There are many different forms of communalism and they are threat to Indian democracy ;-
1. The common form of communailism is practised on everyday customarily beliefs. It can be in the form of religious prejudice, stereotypes of religious communities, supremacy of one religion over the other religion, as seen in our country. These beliefs are so common that we often fail to detect even when we believe in it.
2. It leads to a search for political dominance of religious community over others. It takes the form of majoritarian dominance for majority community, over minority community. It can take form of a desire to form a separate political unit.
3. The most frequent form of communalism is political enlistment on the religious guidelines. It involves the usage of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and creating fear in order to accumulate followers of one religious community in the political arena. It is materialized to gain advantage in electoral politics and it is very common in India. It often takes the form of communal violence, riots and massacre in our country. Our country has suffered many communal riots since its independence.

1) Print changed political and social structures 
2) Embodiment of democratic ideas that people have rights . People are able to discuss issues 
3) the struggle over power and claims to authority in society 

He was an Italian revolutionary, who was born in Genoa in 1807. He was sent into exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. He inspired the young members of these societies to involve in revolutionary activities. Following his ideas and on the model of his secret societies, more such societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Because of this Austrian Chancellor Duke Matternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

I guess the question is : "Advancement of international trade of a country is an index of its economic prosperity”. Justify the statement with five arguments.

Answer as per this question.

This statement is true because
(i) as the resources are limited no country can survive without International trade.
(ii) goods or resources possessed by one country are required by other and vice-versa. These differences create conditions for international trade.
(iii) foreign trade has helped India to improve its productivity of manufactured goods. International trade contributes to India’s economic growth, raising income level of people.
(iv) in the recent years, exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge.
(v) India has emerged as a software giant at the international level and it is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.
Thus, it can be concluded that advancement of international trade of a country is an index of its economic property.

a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam.