Situation which displays lack of internal democracy within a political party are as follows:-

(1)Major decisions are taken by the people having higher post within the party.

(2)Tickets are given to those participants who have money and muscle power.

(3)The demands of small members are compressed by the members having more power over the party.

(i) Land reforms: Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari.

(ii) Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution.

(iii) Land development programmes: Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, etc., establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loans.

(iv) Issuing of Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, etc.

(v) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV.

(vi) Government announces Minimum Support Price (MSP) and remunerative and procurement prices to clreck exploitation.

(vii) The government provides HYV seeds and fertilisers.

(viii) Government provides technical assistance and training for farmers.

(ix) Soil testing facilities, cold storage and transportation facilities are provided by government for farmers.

The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815 was a commitment to oppose monarchical forms of governance that had been established and to fight for liberty and freedom. It emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

Trade: The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade.

Importance:

• International trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity.
• It is considered the economic barometer for a country.
• As the resources are spate bound, no country can survive without international trade.
• Countries have trade relations with the major trading blocks.
• Exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge.

Over lapping social difference: If social differences overlap each other it may lead to social division and if one social difference is given preference then people would begin to think that they belong to different community. It always leads to social division and disintegration of the country. Example:- USA: The blacks are discriminated by the whites due to their poverty (racial discrimination).

Cross cutting social difference:  If social difference cross-cut each other we would find it difficult to find which group is against the other. These groups may have similar views on some issues and different on other issues.  It encourages diversity and accommodates unity. 
Example:- NETHERLAND: The main religion here is Christianity. They have division as Catholics and Protestants. Here class and religion cross-cut each other. Neither of them are rich or poor and do not have conflict between them.

(i) About 180 copies were printed ar.d it took three years to produce them.
(ii) The text was printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal type, but the borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand by artists.
(iii) Every page of each copy was different.
(iv) Different colours were used within the letters in various places.

(i) Forests modify local climate, control soil erosion and regulate stream flow.
(it) Forests support a variety of industries, provide livelihood for many communities and offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation.
(iii) Forests control wind force and temperature and cause rainfall.
(iv) Forests provide humus to the soil and shelter to the wildlife.
(v) Forests help us to keep our environment clean and pollution free by preventing dust from entering into the air, absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing fresh oxygen.
(vi) Forests stop rainwater from flowing fast and hold it . so that it could percolate down to enrich the ground water level (water table).

Absolutist is a form of government where the head of the state or the monarch has absolute authority over the affairs of the nation.  A monarchical government that is centralised, militarised and repressive in nature and function is an example of Absolutist form of government.

The consumer has the right to seek redressal  against unfare trade practices and exploitation .
If any damage has been done to consumer , he/she has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of damage.
Consumers have the right to get their claims settled in their favour in case of being cheated and exploited by the producer.

Multi-purpose river valley projects have dams built on rivers. The water blocked is used for domestic purposes, irrigation, industries, navigation and to generate hydroelectric power. Above all, these projects help in preventing soil erosion and floods.
These projects aim at the overall utilization of rivers and serve many purposes simultaneously. They are thus called multipurpose river valley projects.
Some major River Valley Projects are as follows:
1. Damodar Valley Project (ITVP) on river damodar
2. The Bhakra-Nangal Project
3. Hirakund Project
4. Tungbhadra Project on river tungabadhra

A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
Dams are classified according to their structure, intended purpose or height. On the basis of structure and material used, dams are classified as:

• Timber dams
• Embankment dams or masonry dams.

According to their height, dams can be categorised as:

• Large dams or major dams
• Low dams
• Medium height dams
• High dams

(i) Two or more levels of Government: In a federal government there are two or more levels of government at the State, provincial and local levels. As an exception in India we have third level of government i.e., at the local level.
(ii) Constitutional Status : Federalism provides constitutional guarantees for the existence and authority of each tier of government. The jurisdiction of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution.
(iii) Independent Judiciary: Independent judiciary is the essence of federal government. Here courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of the different levels of government. The highest court acts as an umpire if a dispute arises between different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
(iv) Financial Autonomy : In order to ensure financial autonomy federalism provides specified sources of revenue for each level of government. Every level is free in its own way to impose taxes and raise funds through remunerative enterprises.
In this way a ‘federal government’ has dual objectives i.e., to safeguard and to promote unity of the country by way of mutual trust and agreement to live together.
(v) Distribution of Powers: In federalism different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

• After the failure of First Round Table Conference efforts were made by the Government to make an agreement that  the congress  would attend the next Round Table Conference.
• The Viceroy, Lord Irwin, was authorised to hold talks with Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, Gandhi and Irwin made an agreement on 5 March 1931.
• The agreement is called Gandhi-Irwin pact
• By this pact Government agreed to release most of the civil disobedience volunteers, against whom there was no allegation of violence.
• The Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to participate in the second Round Table Conference.

The Tory Government in Britain had constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. Set up in response to the nationalist movement in India. The commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British.

Globalisation is the spread of business on an international scale, which has been helped by developments in the field of transport, communication and logistics.

Three values that can benefit nations in their globalisation efforts are liberalisation, cooperation and value.

Liberalisation of governmental trade policies, elimination of red tape and bureaucracy amongst countries, help in smooth conduct of business.

Cooperation between trade partners is paramount, for any successful business to operate.

Providing value for money, helps to establish trust and confidence among business partners.