Kashibaba a kanpur mill worker wrote and published the book chote and bade ka sawal in the year 1938 to show the link between caste and class exploitation.

Patriarchal society is a society which is mainly dominated by males and values men more gives them power over women.

Some characteristics of a patriarchal system include:

• Male Dominance: In a patriarchal system, men make all decisions in both society and in their family unit, hold all positions of power and authority, and are considered superior.
• Male Identification: Men are concerned with identification that includes qualities of control, strength, forcefulness, rationality, strong work ethic, and competitiveness. Each of these qualities contribute to male identification in a patriarchal system.
• Male Centeredness: In a patriarchal system, the center of activity and progression is on men and what they do to move the society forward. In any patriarchal system, men will be the focus and developer of all events and inventions, men will be the heroes in all situations, and men will be the center of social engagement, fun, and entertainment.
• Obsession with Control: Men living in a patriarchal system or society must be in control at all times. They have a desire to control all social and family situations and must make all decisions regarding finances and education.

Padmarag complements sultan's dream in its espousal of women's personal journey towards emancipation.Resonant with autobiographical undertones,the novella is both a powerful indictment of male oppression and a celebration of Rokeya's faith in a universalist society where women,regardless of race,class,creed and religion,reject the diktat of a tyrannical patriarchal society in favor of life devoted to improving their lot.

The meaning of the art form ‘Ukiyo’ was pictures of the floating works or depiction of ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones.

Factors responsible for location of jute mills in the Hugli basin are
(i) Proximity of the jute producing areas.
(ii) Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways and roadways.
(iii) Abundance of water for processing raw jute.
(iv) Availability of cheap labour from nearby areas.
(v) Kolkata port provides facilities for export of jute goods.
(vi) Kolkata as a large urban centre that provides banking, insurance and other commercial facilities

Today, the world has been converted into a global village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport and communication facilities. The following points support the fact
(i) Daily flights to different countries and improved technology to develop fast means of transportation has connected the countries.
(ii) Computer and internet facilities supported by satellite services have made the world a small village wherein an information can be reached at almost instantly.
(iii) Every country is well-linked with the rest of the world through various means of transport and communication.
(iv) Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema, internet, etc have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways.

Tertiary sector: the services sector or the tertiary sector includes trade, transport and communication; financing, insurance, real estate, business services, etc. The service sector also includes trading of goods which includes export and import.

When power is taken away from Central and State Governments and given to local government, it is called decentralisation. A major step towards decentralisation was taken after the amendment of Constitution in 1992.

• The Gram Panchayat looks after administration and development at village level. It is an elected body with a sarpanch as its head. The members are elected by the Gram Sabha which comprises all adult members of the village.
• The Panchayat Samiti is the body at block or taluka level. It is the link between the gram panchayat and district administration.

Local Government before 1992:

(i) It was directly under the control of the State Government.

(ii) Elections were not held regularly.

(iii) Elections were controlled by the State Governments.

Local Government after 1992:

(i) Local Governments have got some powers of their own.

(ii) Elections are held regularly.

(iii) An independent state election commission is responsible to conduct the elections.

(i) Basic services like hospitals, education, post and telegraph, courts, etc. are the responsibility of the government in developing countries.
(ii) Demand for services such as transport, trade, storage will increase with the development of primary and secondary sectors.
(iii) Demand for tourism, shopping, private schools, private hospitals, etc. increases with the increase in the level of income.
(iv) Rapid growth of services sector also benefitted from external demand such as software industry and call centre services.
(v) Liberalisation of financial sector provided an environment for faster growth of financial services.

(i) The Bretton Woods Twins — the IMF and the World Bank were dominated by the former colonial powers As a result, most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth that the western economies experienced in die 1950s and 1960s. So. they organised themselves as a croup — the group of 77 of G-77 to demand a new International economic order.
(ii) Former colonial powers exploited the natural resources for developing nations through the IMF and the World Bank.
(iii) The developing nations organised themselves into G-77 so as to gain real control over then natural resources.
(iv) They wanted to get more development assistance and fairer prices tor raw materials.
(v) They also wanted a better opportunity for their manufactured goods in the markets of developed nations.

The area of sea and seabed extending from the shore of a country claiming exclusive rights for fishing, drilling, and other economic activities.

• On 13th April 1919, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
• On that day, a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh.
• Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
• General Dyer entered the area, blocked the only exit point, and opened fire on the crowd, killing and wounding hundreds of people.
• His objective was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create in the minds of satyagrahis, a feeling of terror and awe.
• As the news spread, crowds took to the streets. There were strikes, clashes with police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.

Production of goods in large quantities by processing to raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
(i) People employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished goods.
(ii) For example, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, aluminium from bauxite, etc. Thus, raw materials are transformed into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value.

• Lifelines of a human being are his veins. They carry blood in all the parts the body and keep them hale and hearty.
• Likewise means of transport and comunication bring all the regions of a country closer and develop them equally.
• The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy because they are the preconditions for progress and development.
• A country 's economy depends not only on the production and sale of goods and services, but on their transport as well
• A country makes tremendous progress because of its developed means of transport and communication. Without these all the developmental activities will come to an end and the country would meet its doom.

There   positive and negative impacts of globalisation on Indian farmers  

Positive impact

•  New techniques are adopted in farming
• Increase in productivity
• Minimum usage of fertiliser and pesticides and water
• Fruits, nuts, vegetables which were first imported from foreign countries are now produced at our places n exported which in turn increased foreign exchange
• R & D to acquire position in world agriculture market
• Establishment of food processing industries ,increase in employment
• Minimum wastage of grains, fruits, vegetables as we can adopted techniques from develop country

Negative impact

• Less manpower in field, unemployment in villages
•  High cost
•  Gap increase between rich n poor farmers
•  High cost>high loans > if crop fails> high loss> suicide.

• In Awadh, the peasant movement was led by Baba Ramchandra—a sanyasi who had earlier worked in Fiji as an indentured labourer.
• The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents from the peasants.
• Peasants had to do begar at landlords’ farms.
• The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
• In many places nai-dhobi bandhs were organised to deprive landlords of the services of even washermen and barbers.
• Jawaharlal Nehru began talking to the villagers and formed Oudh Kisan Sabha.
• Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.
• As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.