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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 8 months ago
Munshi Premchand was a legendary writer of the pre-independence era.He used to write mostly about the poor conditions of peasants.The poor peasants had very low income that was just way below what they had to return to zamindars.The zamindars used to exploit the poor farmers in the name of lagan.
There many other writers who had felt the pain of that era and had written stories or poems about it.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 8 months ago
- Munshi Premchand was one of the greatest literary figures of the modern Hindi and Urdu literature. It was with the writings of him that the Hindi novel matured into greatness.
- He began writing in Urdu and then shifted to Hindi and remained an immensely influential writer in both languages. He drew on the traditional art of Kissa-goi (story telling).
- Before Premchand, the Hindi literature was confined to the tales, the stories of magical power, fantasy, etc. His novel Sewasadan (The Abode of Service) published in 1916, first depicted the lives of ordinary people and social issues. Sewasadan dealt with the poor condition of women in society.
- Premchand’s novels discussed the realistic issues like child marriage, dowry system, communalism, corruption, zamindari system, debt, poverty, colonialism, etc.
- Premchand believed that social realism was the ultimate way for Hindi literature.
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 8 months ago
Factors responsible for indentured labour migrated from India :
(i) In mid-19th century, cottage industries declined, land rents rose, lands were cleared for mines and plantations.
This affected poor people because they were highly indebted and forced to migrate for work.
(ii) As the agents provided false information about final destinations, nature of work and living and working condition, many poor people were tempted to go and work.
(iii) In order to escape poverty or oppression at home and in villages many migrants agreed to work.
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 8 months ago
Napoleon's codes (1804) were a set of civil codes that had to be practiced by the French society. The aim of the code was to reform the French society, in areas such as family, property, civil procedure etc. Established equality before law, Abolished all privileges based on birth, Granted the right to property to French citizens, Simplified administrative divisions, Abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom, Removed restrictions on guilds in towns, Improved transport and communication.
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 8 months ago
The causes of the Great Depression were
(i) Conditions created by war There was an immense industrial expansion due to the increased demand of goods supplied to the army, during the period of the First World War. After the war, the demand for these goods suddenly dropped and so, there was no demand in many industries. There was also a large fall in the agricultural prices due to reduced demand.
(ii) Over production in agriculture Agricultural over production was another major factor responsible for the depression. This was made worse by falling agricultural .prices. As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, the farmers tried to increase the production and bring a larger volume of produce to the market to maintain their overall income. This worsened the situation by pushing down the prices of farm produce further.
(iii) Shortage of loans In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the USA. While it was often very easy to raise loans in the USA during the boom period, lenders in the USA panicked at the first sign of trouble. Countries that depend crucially on US loans, now faced an acute crisis.
(iv) Multiple effect With the fall in prices and the prospect of a depression i.e. banks in the USA slashed domestic lending and some stopped bank loans, thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close down. Factories closed, leading to unemployment, which further aggravated the crises. The US banking system collapsed.
(v) Large-scale unemployment Farm could not sell their harvests, businesses collapsed. As a result, large scale unemployment occurred.
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Nanci Bhati 6 years, 8 months ago
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