(i) Same Citizens Separate jurisdiction : Different tiers of the government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
(ii) Superiority of Constitution : The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of the government are specified in the Constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of the government are constitutionally safeguarded. ‘
(iii) Rigid Constitution : The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of the government. Such changes require the consent of the both the levels of the government.
(iv) Supreme authority of the courts : Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution, and the powers of different levels of the government.

First class mail is the transportation by air and land which consists of envelopes and cards which is considerably faster than other.
Second mail channel is transportation of material by water and land in consists of books ,newspapers etc.it is considerably slower than  1 mail channel.

Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advisors, etc., to the industries. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies. Gradually a large industrial agglomeration takes place. So, it is basically coordination of various industries in a city for the development of manufacturing industries.

Romanticism was an artistic, literary, musical, cultural and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.

The Tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in the Indian economy in the last decade because,

(i) Demand for Tertiary sector activities like transport, storage and trade has increased substantially with the development of the Primary and Secondary sectors.

(ii) Increasing requirement of software exports from abroad that creates a boom in call centres.

(iii) With increase in the income levels of the people, demand for tourism, shopping, education and other services has increased.

(iv) Liberalisation of the financial environment has boosted faster growth in financial services.

(v) Basic services of education, healthcare and communications require a large number of people to be engaged in these Tertiary sector activities.

a. ​The very idea of community participation has certainly got endorsed by our Political leadership  and got reflected  in the concept of Democratic Decentralisation with a three tier system for local self government from village to the district level, with adequate transfer of power, responsibilities and resources to these institutions. 
b.  73rd and 74th constitutional amendments acts of 1992 which provided constitutional status to these local self governing bodies have proved to be landmark. 
c . The presence of panchyats  have provided for  the devolution of powers between the centre, state and local bodies. 
d. It has provided for effective participation of people at the grass root level 
e. It has expanded  the very notion of democracy as it takes it to the grass root level making democracy inclusive and representative in nature. 
f . By virtue of  of reservation of seats for SC's , ST's and women, there has been active participation of the weaker sections of the society. Women for instance in  Panchayats  in  Maharashtra  have become sarpanchas  also. 
g . The presence of panchayats have inculcated a sense of planning and better management of resources in the people at the grass root level and have made democracy more inclusive in nature. 
h . It has  given due recognition to country's diverse population allowing diverse groups within the states to participate in the governance of the country.  

Modern countries which were part of indo china:

(i) Vietnam
(ii) Laos
(iii) Combodia.

The main features of treaty of Vienna are:

Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was brought up with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to powerFrance lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. The kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. But the German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

The term ' liberalism ' derives fom the latin root liber, meaning free.Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law

• Political

1. Liberals demanded for constitutionalism with national unification
2. They demanded for the creation of a nation sate on parliamentary principles, a constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association
3. Women formed their political organisations, founded newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations

• Economical

1. Liberalism stood for the freedom in markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital
2. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of prussia and joined other german states

• Socially

1. The ideas of suffrage to all including females and right to work was significant
2. The issue of extending political rights to women was led by liberal movements in which women participated actively

I am a CA finalist. 

And work with mycbseguide.

(i) The towns and the Cities that first appeared along the river valleys like Ur and Mohenjodaro were larger in scale than other human settlements.
(ii) These cities were the centres of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activities.
(iii) These cities supported various social group such as artisans, merchant; and priests
(iv) These cities varied greatly in size and complexity. Some were metropolises and oilier; smaller urban centres.
(v) Industrialisation played an important role in the expansion of cities.

Q. Explain any four characteristics of marginal groups in London.

A.(i) Most of the poor people were criminals who lived by stealing.
(ii) A large number of women worked ir. factories in the late 18th and the early 19th century.
(iii) With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within the households, 
(iv) Large number of children were pushed into low-paid work by their parents.
(v) Factories employed large number of women in the late fill and early 1911 century.

A built-up area with a name, defined boundaries, and local government, that is larger than a village and generally smaller than a city.
Before the Sixth Central Pay Commission, the classification of cities in India was based on two parameters — Compensatory City Allowance (CCA), further divided into categories A-1, A, B-1 and B-2, and HRA, further divided into categories A-1, A, B-1, B-2 and C.
The Classification of Indian cities comprises a ranking system used by the Government of India to allocate House Rent Allowance (HRA) to public servants employed in different cities in the country. HRA is also used by the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) to provideincome tax exemptions. Cities are classified on the basis of their population, as recommended by the Sixth Central Pay Commissionin 2008 and Reserve Bank of India respectively.
Under the recommendation of the Sixth Central Pay Commission, the CCA classification was abolished in 2008. The earlier HRA classification of cities was changed from A-1 to X, A, B-1 and B-2 to Y and C and unclassified cities to Z.X, Y and Z are more commonly known as Tier-1, Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities respectively.

On 1 January 1801, the first day of the 19th century, the Great Britain and Ireland joined to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Deleted topics as per CBSE:

Section earlier consisted of Seven Chapters

but now Second Chapter i.e. Forest and Wildlife Resources has been removed

In Chapter Four i.e. Agriculture - Content of Page no. 44 to 47 of NCERT book is to be deleted

In Sixth Chapter i.e. Manufacturing Industries- Content mentioned on page no. 74-75 of NCERT, Geography Text book i.e. Aluminium Smelting, Chemical Industries, Fertilizer Industry, Cement Industry is not required to be deliver in class room during instruction. i.e this topic will not come in exam.

Civics

Popular Struggles and Movements (Note : Ch-5 is to be done as project work only and will not be evaluated in theory)

Disguised unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which some people look like being employed but are actually not employed fully. This situation is also known as Hidden Unemployment. In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required. For example in rural areas, this type of unemployment is generally found in agricultural sector, e.g., in a family of nine people who are all working in the same agricultural plot, even if four of them are withdrawn, there is no reduction in the output from the plot. So, these four people are actually disguisedly employed. In urban areas, this type of unemployment can be seen mostly in service sector. An example is of a family, whose all members are working in one shop or a small business, but which can actually be managed by a fewer number of members of the family.

Causes of Unemployment:
(i) Insufficient economic development : It is true that under the planned development millions of new jobs were created but the number of job lookers was much more than those jobs. Thus many people still remained unemployed in India.
(ii) Defective system of education : In oureducational system there is lack of training facilities, lack of vocational and professional guidance.
(iii) Slow growth of industrialisation : Slow growth of industrialisation in the country is yet another cause of unemployment in the urban areas.

Indians were out raged by rowlatt act because:
1) this law stated that that the govt can arrest the political leaders without any trail for 2years
2) political leaders were taken from Amritsar
3) Gandhi was not allowed to enter Delhi
4) Martial law was imposed