The Constitution of the United States established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.

A rule in which the family’s generation rules forever and there can be no change. This is against the democracy. This is one of the major problems that political parties have to confront with and is a hindrance for ordinary citizens, who aspire to join politics.

Limitations of per capita income are :
(i) A rise in per capita income is due to rise in prices and not due to increase in physical output, it is not a reliable index of economic development.
(ii) National income rises but its distribution makes the rich richer and the poor poorer.
(iii) It excludes all non-marketed goods and services, even though they may be important for human happiness and better quality of life.
(iv) Rise in per capita income may be due to use of modern capital intensive technology in production which may be labour displacing in nature thus adversely affecting the poor masses.
(v) If rate of population growth, is higher than the rate of growth of national income, this will lead to fall in per capita availability of goods and services and economic welfare.
(vi) Contribution of commodity to economic welfare may be higher than its money value e.g., money value of salt, needle, thread, etc. included in national income is lower than their contribution to economic welfare.

Globalization is the free movement of people, goods, and services across boundaries. This movement is managed in a unified and integrated manner. Further, it can be seen as a scheme to open the global economy as well as the associated growth in trade (global). Hence, when the countries that were previously shut to foreign investment and trade have now burned down barriers.

• Cooperative sector industries are industries owned and managed by a private individual with the help of a group of people.
• The sugar industry is ideal for the cooperative sector because sugar produced in these industries can be stored very conveniently, traded easily and the quality of the sugar produced does not usually degrade and remains uniform.
• Also when a larger quantity of sugar is produced in the mills, the production costs go down.

The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of First World War. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure . upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey.

1. After the failure of First Round Table Conference efforts were made by the Government to make an agreement that  the congress  would attend the next Round Table Conference.
2. The Viceroy, Lord Irwin, was authorised to hold talks with Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, Gandhi and Irwin made an agreement on 5 March 1931.
3. The agreement is called Gandhi-Irwin pact
4. By this pact Government agreed to release most of the civil disobedience volunteers, against whom there was no allegation of violence.
5. The Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to participate in the second Round Table Conference.

Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India. 
Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:

• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government.

Bank ask for collateral while giving  credit to borrower because if the borrower fails to repay the loan the bank has right to use or sell the collateral given to him by the borrower so that they can get money which they gave him as a loan.if the borrower gives the loan in time than the bank gives collateral back to borrower.

In politics, there is competition between political parties. If these political parties use this competition in support of some social divisions, it can lead to political divisions. This can lead to conflicts, violence or even disintegration of a country.

One example is of Northern Ireland where religious divisions led to ethno-political conflict. Two major sects of Christianity: 53% Protestants and 44% Catholics dominate the country. The Catholics were in favour of the Northern Ireland to join the Republic of Ireland and the Protestants wanted to remain with UK. This led to years of violence killing thousands of people. It was in 1998 that peace was established when the UK government and the Nationalists signed a peace treaty.

The second example is of Yugoslavia where the political parties refused to accommodate each other. Each ethno-religious group wanted to dominate the other. The result was the disintegration of Yugoslavia into seven independent countries.