• Phan boi chau wanted to completely drive out the French from vietnam but Phan chu trinh wanted to make use of the french to build educational institutions and develop agriculture and industries.
• phan boi chau was completely opposed to the western style, but phan chu trinh was influenced by the democratic ideals of the wesat and he did not want a wholesale rejection of the western civilisation.
• phan chu trinh wanted to establish a democratic republic but phan boi chau wanted constitutional monarchy.

Phan Boi Chau was one of the leading figure in the anti-colonial movement in early 20th century Vietnam.
(i) Vietnamese Nationalist : Phan Boi Chau was a Vietnamese nationalist and a freedom fighter. He formed the Revolutionary Society in 1903 under the leadership of Prince Cuong De.
(ii) Literary Work : He wrote his world famous book, ‘The History of the Loss of Vietnam* under the strong influence and advice of Cuong De. The book became a widely read bestseller in Vietnam and China. It was also made into a play. The book focused on two themes.
The loss of sovereignty and the severing ties with China.

Communalism can take several forms in politics as:
(a) The most common expression of communalism is of communal superiority in our everyday beliefs. Militant religious groups are an example.
(b) Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form in riots. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of partition.
(c) A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community; it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit. An example are the separatist leaders in Kashmir.
(d) Political mobilization based on religion is another form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal to bring the followers of one religion together in the political areas. Examples in India are politicians trying to influence voters from the two largest religious communities in the country.

• Social differences are the situations where people are discriminated against on the basis of social, economic, and racial inequality.
• On the other hand, social division means division of society on the basis of social differences like language, region, caste, colour, race and ***.
• Social differences can be easily accommodated with some reservation policies.
• But social division sometimes lead to political division of the country.

• It is a form of government in which the leaders are elected by the people.
• All major decisions are made by the elected leaders who are the representatives of  the people.
• Free and fair elections are held regularly.
• Democracy is based on the principle of one person, one vote and one value.
• There is a Rule of Law and basic fundamental rights are granted to each and every citizen of the country.
• There is no discrimination amongst people on the basis colour, caste, gender, class or religion.  

Steps taken by the French to solve the problem of plague in Vietnam were as follows :
(i) French hired Vietnam workers and paid for each rat they caught.
(ii) Money was paid when tail of a rat was given as proof.
(iii) Some raised rats to earn money as tails were clipped and rats released so that the process of earning continued.

No British Nation was in existence before the 18th century. Different ethnic groups of people were there in the British Isles such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish. Each of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. On the other hand, the rest of Europe had no such arrangements. Nationalism in Britain was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was due to a long drawn process. The English nation possessed the other three nations of the islands through a steady growth in property wealth and power. Besides this, the English language, British Flag and National Anthem were promoted as national symbols to identify the nationality of the nation.

• It takes that there is no deplention of natural resources in environment.
• It preserves some resources for future generations.
• It increases the standard of people for years to come.

Nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerged within the culturally and regionally diverse groups of Europe. Due to industrialization and transformation of society there emerged a middle class consisting of businessmen, working professionals, industrialists, labourers and working class people. Out of these, the educated people thought of uniting the culturally compatible sections of people in Europe. This led to nationalism and emergence of the idea of the nation-state.

The non-cooperation movement was launched on 1st August 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC) under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhiji called off the movement in February, 1922 in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident. Gandhiji called off the movement saying people were not ready for revolt against the government through ahimsa. A lot of leaders like Motilal Nehru and C R Das were against the suspension of the movement only due to sporadic incidents of violence.

Nationalist teneion emerged in the Balkans because the Balkan states were aspiring for nationalism.
The Balkans was a region comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were called Slavs.
In 19th century, the major portion of the Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire.
The ideas of romantic nationalism developed in the Balkans. The rebellions nationalities in the Balkans thought that their struggle was the attempt to win back their long-lost independence

Johann Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and inventor, credited with the inventing of the movable type printing in Europe.Gutenberg was the son of a merchant, and his childhood was spent on a large agricultural estate. From his childhood, he had seen wine and olive presses. By and by, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. (Trinket-A small item of jewellery that is cheap or of low quality). Using this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted the existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press became the base model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system. In 1455, Gutenberg published his 42-lines Bible, commonly known as the Gutenberg Bible. About 180 copies were printed most on paper and some on vellum.

Caste in Politics

1. When we refer to caste in politics, we refer to various forms caste can take in politics, and how this issue which is indeed a social factor gets politicised.

2. For instance,  Caste has also emerged as major vote bank factor during elections. Political parties try to muster support on the basis of caste by exploiting the caste sentiments of the people, fielding candidates of a particular caste to reach out to more and more people

3. With legal and political rights being extended to the historically most marginalised community members, political parties try to expand their support base.

4. Caste in politics also explains how caste is an important factor in elections, if not the only factor.

Politics in caste

1. Politics in caste, explains how politics impacts caste, it explains how various caste based groups are trying to assert their rights in their quest to acquire power and authority.

2. We may give example  rise of many caste based groups, forward or backward caste groups who with the support of caste based parties, have been influencing the decisions of the government.

3. We have seen rise of many caste based groups and of caste based parties, have been wielding considerable power in their respective states and influencing the decisions of the central government.

4. These groups have also entered into bargaining and negotiations among themselves for the purpose of wielding more power, The Dalits, OBC''s have acquired political consciousness  pressed for reservations.

Many historical novels were about India’s glorious past. Many historical novels were written about Marathas and Rajputs which produced a sense of pan-Indian belonging. They imagined the nation to be full of adventure, heroism, romance and sacrifice – qualities that could not be found in the offices and sheets of 19th centuries. Bhudev Mukhopadhay’s Anguriya Binimoy (1857) was the first historical novel written in Bengal. Its hero Shivaji fought many battles against a clever and treacherons belief that he was a nationalist fighting for the freedom of
Hindus.

Bankimchandra’s Anandmath was about a Hindu militia that fought Muslims to establish a Hindu kingdom. It was a novel that inspired many kinds of freedom fighters.Writers like Premchand wrote novels which included various classes in the novels. He created characters who believed in a community based on democratic values. He made us think of social issues like caste oppression.
All the above wrote for a national cause.

The ten hour movement was a movement by the skilled craftsmen in the major cities of the US in the 1820s. Its major aim was to force the US government to pass a law restricting the length of the workday in factories to ten hours.

(i) Huynh Phu So was a revolutionary leader, Vietnamese philosopher, and Buddhist religious scholar born in 1919 and died in 1947.
(ii) He started an anti-French movement called the Hoa Hao movement in 1939. The movement drew on religious ideas popular in anti-French uprising of the nineteenth century. The French tried to suppress the movement.
(iii) He was declared "mad banze" and put in mental asylum by French. Interestingly in 1941 he was announced sane, but exiled him to Laos and sent his followers to concentration camps, after the doctor treating him became his follower.
(iv) Phu So performed miracles and helped the poor. He opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium.

Disabled person is a person who is physically handicapped. ex blindness, not able to stand