Three factors which determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions:
→ The people's perception of their identities: When this is singular, the accommodation of other identities becomes difficult.
→ Representation of a community by political leaders: While representing a community, if politicians raise demands that are constitutional, then it is easier to accommodate those demands.
→ The government's reaction: If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.

he cause of the ‘Silesian Weavers’ uprising was due to the cheating of the weavers by the contractors. In 1845, the weavers raised a revolt against the contractors as the contractors drastically reduced their payments.
The viewpoint of the journalist Wilhelm Wolff for this uprising was - a large crowd of weavers reached the house of the contractor and demanded higher wages. They were not treated well, so a group of the crowd entered the contractor’s house forcibly and destroyed the furniture, windowpanes and plundered it. The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village but did not get shelter.
After 24 hours, he returned back with army and eleven weavers were shot dead. This shows that the viewpoint of the journalist was based against the weavers and in favour of the contractor. He did not understand the misery of the weavers properly.

The Great Depression began in 1929 with a steep fall in New York Stock Exchange and continued well into the mid-1930s.
During depression agricultural prices fell, industrial production came to a halt, and millions of people became jobless and homeless.
The depression was caused due to an overflow of food grains in the market which led to a fall in the agricultural prices. Canada, Australia and America had emerged as new alternate centres of wheat production during war.

• The government of Bolivia, under pressure from the World Bank, decided to privatize water supply in the country’s third largest city, Cochabamba.
• People were dissatisfied with the decision of the government. Demonstrations and a general strike erupted in January 2000 in protest against the tariff increase and the perceived privatization of water resources.
• The government arrested the leader of the protesters, Oscar Olivera. But the protests spread to the entire country and the government declared a state of emergency in April. Protests still continued and several people were killed.
• The government finally released Oscar Olivera and signed an agreement with him stating that the concession would be ended.
• It was due to such protests by the people that the MNC contract was cancelled and the municipal water supply was restored to old rates.

Print culture is the conglomeration of effects on human society that is created by making printed forms of communication. Print culture encompasses many stages as it has evolved in response to technological advances.  As the printing became commonplace, script became insufficient and printed documents were mass-produced. The era of physical print has had a lasting effect on human culture, but with the advent of digital text, some scholars believe the printed word is becoming obsolete.

1. The electronic media, including the World Wide Web, can be seen as an outgrowth of print culture.
2. The knowledge contained by printed books is believed to be accurate.
3. The cited author of a printed book does indeed exist and is actually the person who wrote it.
4. Every copy of a printed book is identical (at least in the important aspects) to every other copy, no matter how far apart the locations are in which they are sold.

1. The students decided to go to the neighboring countries to get education for the seek of ending French dominance
2. They organized an association to restore Veitnam
3. Japanese helped them through this 
4. Japan provided refuge camps to all of them
5. Japanese ended their association in the end and the students had to move to other countries 

• Most of the urban dwellers were living in the three Presidency cities, Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. As these Presidential cities were multi-functional cities.
• These cities had facilities like major ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army camps, educational institutions, museums and libraries.
• These cities has more populationas these cities are the hubs of business and political activities.
• initially  Bombay was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat later it became the transit hub for large quantities of raw materials like cotton and opium.
• finally, it became an important administrative centre. By the end of the19th century, Bombay became a major industrial centre.

A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party. This is clear from the function performed by the political parties. In case, there are no political parties then:

• Every candidate in the election would be an independent candidate. Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people. In such a scenario, no one will be responsible for how the country is run.
• In the long run, only a representative democracy can survive. Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government.

No British Nation was in existence before the 18th century. Different ethnic groups of people were there in the British Isles such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish. Each of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. On the other hand, the rest of Europe had no such arrangements. Nationalism in Britain was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was due to a long drawn process. The English nation possessed the other three nations of the islands through a steady growth in property wealth and power. Besides this, the English language, British Flag and National Anthem were promoted as national symbols to identify the nationality of the nation.

We will focus on the development of the German and Italian nation states in the nineteenth century, considering the following points
(i) Political Fragmentation :  Till the middle of the 19th century, the present-day states of Germany and Italy were fragmented into separate regions and kingdoms ruled by different princely houses.
(ii) Revolutionary Uprisings :  Mazzini tried to establish an Italian Republic. However, the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy.
(iii) Unification with the Help of the Army:  After the failure of the revolutions, the process of unification was pursued by the aristocracy and the army in both these nations.
Germany was united by the Prussian Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Finally the German empire was proclaimed in 1871.
Nineteenth-century Europe was characterized by both popular uprisings of the masses and revolutions led by the educated, liberal middle classes. In the case of the German people, the middle classes belonging to different German regions came together to form an all-German National Assembly in 1848. However, on facing opposition from the aristocracy and military, and on losing its mass support base, it was forced to disband. In the Italian region, during the 1830s, revolutionaries like Giuseppe

Examples of contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are
(i) The idea of a nation can be created through stories, poets and writings. Music too can help in expressing nationalist feelings or sentiments.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement which emerged in Europe, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments or national feelings. The main aim of romantic artists was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage and a common cultural past.
(iii) Language also played an important role in developing the national sentiments or nationalist feeling, e.g., in Poland, language began to be used as a weapon of national resistance. The wide scale use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against national dominance.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. In Germany, for example, various political associations comprising middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in Frankfurt to form an all-German National Assembly. This Frankfurt parliament drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Though such liberal movements were ultimately suppressed by conservative forces, the old order could never be restored. The monarchs realised that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were clearly based on democratic ideals. Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification—a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration. They wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished, and economic equality had to be pursued as a national goal. The right to property was also significant in the liberals’ concept of a nation based on political, social and economic freedom.

The Globalisation has impacted Indian economy in the following ways
(i) Increase in foreign investment, Over the past twenty years, the foreign investment has increased.
(ii) Emergence of Indian companies as multinational Several of the top Indian companies like Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have been able to get benefit from the increased competition created as a result of Globalisation.
(iii) Creation of new opportunities Globalisation has created new opportunities for Indian companies, particularly providing services like IT.
(iv) Creation of new jobs For those which are Globalisation has created new jobs and has helped in reducing unemployment rate to an extent.
(v) A host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are now being done cheaply in India.

Transparency means that every individual belonging to a particular democratic country has the right(RTI) to examine or instigate that whether the laws, plans, action, policies or decisions taken by the government are correct or not and whether they are beneficial to them or not.

1) The Indian Postal network is the largest network of post offices in the world.
2) There are more than 150,000 post offices in India, that are spread in urban and rural areas.
3) It provides various facilities like speed post, business post, registered post, ordinary post. Also you can purchase postage stamps, inland letters, post cards and postal orders from post office. Government of India provides other facilities to public through post offices like postal life insurance, money orders and small saving schemes such as Kisan Vikas Patra, recurring deposits, saving account etc.
4) Many post offices have become computerized to give faster and easier services to the customers

Agitations or movements demanding enhancement in the political and legal status of women and improving their education and career opportunities are called feminist movement.
Main Objective : The main objective of feminist movement is to attain equality among men and women.