Junkers were members of the landowning aristocracy of Prussia and eastern Germany. The Junkers were the land owners who commonly ran into dispute with the Governments and Monarchy of Prussia. They were very powerful. They owned land, estates, and had huge interests and investments in local industry and businesses.

Different people and groups may have different notions of development which may be conflicting at times:
 a. One may give example of the rich for whom development would imply establishing more industries, to expand business , to make profits and to maintain their quality of life and high standard of living. On the other hand, such a goal may conflict with the goals of a poorer section of the society , for whom survival is a continuous struggle, who are trying hard to manage basic necessities of life.
b. For poor who have been displaced because of government's policy of land acquisition to create more industries is fighting for fair compensation.
c. We may also give example of construction of dams, which may benefit the rich industrialists in terms of providing them electricity, but on the other hand may effect the poor who may have been forcibly displaced from their lands and not been rehabilitated.

Ngyuyen Dinh Chieu was  the blind poet of Vietnam who bemoaned what was hap pening in his country.

A Marathi newspaper “Kesari” was founded in 1881 by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He also founded the “Maratha” newspaper in english to expose the reality of Britishers and to speed up the freedom struggle for India.

Colonies were considered essential to supply natural resources and other essential goods. French colonisation was not based only on economic exploitation. It was also driven by the idea of a ‘civilising mission’. Like the British in India, the French claimed that they were bringing modern civilisation to the Vietnamese. They took for granted that Europe had developed the most advanced civilisation. So it became the duty of the Europeans to introduce these modern ideas to the colony even if this meant destroying local cultures, religions and traditions, because these were seen as outdated and prevented modern development.

• Merchants supplied money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.
• Demand for goods increased since the European powers had acquired colonies and sold their goods in these colonies.
• But merchants could not expand production within towns because the urban crafts and trade guilds were very powerful.
• Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products.
• It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to countryside.<button></button>

Without Information and Technology spread of globalisation would not have been possible. People get information of every new invention and ideas through Internet. Moreover, many MNCs are service based industries which are dependent on IT for circulating information. The development of technology has flourished in recent years and has played a major role in globalization Information technology has made significant advances in recent years, owing to the internet. Communication technology, from mobile phones to GPS satellites, have also revolutionised communications. Transport technology has had a growing focus on affordability, comfort, speed and being environmentally friendly.

In the modern world, democracy is not limited to its very common definition but its area or scope has been widened under the influence of global concepts and socio-economic changes.
The following points show the scope of democracy
(i) Democratic rights are not limited to political rights like, the right to vote, to stand in elections and form political organisations. A democracy should grant some social and economic rights to its citizens.
(ii) The power sharing in democracy is extended to the power sharing between government and social groups.
(iii) Modern democracy cannot value only the voice of majority, but it respects the voice of minority as well.
(iv) However, the democracy has extended its scope from government and its activities to eliminate discrimination based on caste, religion and gender.

The ideology of liberalism allied with Nationalism in the following ways :
(a) Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before law.
 (b) It emphasized on the concept of government by consent.
(c) It stood for the end of autocracy and Clerical privileges. 

Various factors such as common race, language, religion, aims and aspirations, culture and Shared past gave rise to nationalism.
(i) Political unification of the country under the Britishers.
(ii) Destruction of India’s old social and economic system.
(iii) Development of modern trade and industry.
(iv) The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups.

The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution (révolution de Février), was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orleans monarchy (1830–48) and led to the creation of the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in February, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France. In the months that followed, this government steered a course that became more conservative. On 23 June 1848, the people of Paris rose in insurrection, which became known as June Days Uprising - a bloody but unsuccessful rebellion by the Paris workers against a conservative turn in the Republic's course. On 2 December 1848, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected President of the Second Republic, largely on peasant support. Exactly four years later he suspended the elected assembly, establishing the Second French Empire, which lasted until 1870. Louis Napoléon would go on to become the last French monarch.The February revolution established the principle of the "right to work" (droit au travail), and its newly established government created "National Workshops" for the unemployed. At the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc, with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labour. These tensions between liberal Orleanist and Radical Republicans and Socialists led to the June Days Uprising.

Advantages of MNCs

• Access to Consumers – Access to consumers is one of the primary advantages that the MNCs enjoy over companies with operations limited to smaller region. Increasing accessibility to wider geographical regions allows the MNCs to have a larger pool of potential customers and help them in expanding, growing at a faster pace as compared to others.
• Accesses to Labor – MNCs enjoy access to cheap labor, which is a great advantage over other companies. A firm having operations spread across different geographical areas can have its production unit set up in countries with cheap labor. Some of the countries where cheap labor is available is China, India, Pakistan etc.
• Taxes and Other Costs – Taxes are one of the areas where every MNC can take advantage. Many countries offer reduced taxes on exports and imports in order to increase their foreign exposure and international trade. Also countries impose lower excise and custom duty which results in high profit margin for MNCs. Thus taxes are one of the area of making money but it again depends on the country of operation.
• Overall Development – The investment level, employment level, and income level of the country increases due to the operation of MNC’s. Level of industrial and economic development increases due to the growth of MNCs.
• Technology – The industry gets latest technology from foreign countries through MNCs which help them improve on their technological parameter.

Disadvantages of MNCS

1. Government diverts funds to protect MNCs for foreign investment, accumulates infrastructural facilities to them.
2. Tough competition to indigenous industries
3. Exploitation of cheap labour in lieu of low wages.
4. The poor do not get the benefits from MNCs, it leads to environmental degradation, displacements issues.