The French revolutionaries took the following steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people
(i) They introduced the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and Ie citoyen (the citizen), emphasizing the concept of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution.

(ii) They choose a new French flag, the tricolour, to replace the royal standard.
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
(iv) In the name of the nation, new hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated.
(v) They established a centralized administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens.
(vi) They  adopted a uniform system of weights and measures.

I guess the ques is What was Gandhi Irwin Pact?

After the failure of First Round Table Conference efforts were made by the Government to make an agreement that  the congress  would attend the next Round Table Conference.
The Viceroy, Lord Irwin, was authorised to hold talks with Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, Gandhi and Irwin made an agreement on 5 March 1931.
The agreement is called Gandhi-Irwin pact
By this pact Government agreed to release most of the civil disobedience volunteers, against whom there was no allegation of violence.
The Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to participate in the second Round Table Conference.

Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity in that binds them together. But how did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging.

This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people's imagination.
 

(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.

 (ii) The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata, which was created in 1870 by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Inspired by the Swadeshi Movement, Rabindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata.

 (iii) The idea of nationalism was also developed through reviving Indian folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. This was done to promote the traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces.

Right to Representation : In case there is a dispute between the consumer and the seller or service provider which is not settled, the consumer has the right to approach the local consumer court for redressal. In case his representation in the district level court is dismissed, he can approach at the state level and then at the national level.

Regional Political Party It exists, operates and functions at the regional level. It gives prominence to regional issues, specific problems of the region and it has influence only on the people of that region. It lays more stress on regional culture identity, which it wants to preserve and promote.
Conditions required to be recognised as a Regional political party are
(i) It should have polled at least 6% valid votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly.
(ii) It has reach in at least three states in last general election.
(iii) It had won at least 2 seats in Legislative Assembly elections.

1. Common folk tales and traditional folk songs are needed to signify common history and a rich cultural heritage for Nation building.
2. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm developed an interest in collecting old stories and published these tales in 1812.
3. Grimm brothers became active in liberal politics and published a dictionary for the German language.
4. Both the brothers were responsible for creating a unique understanding of German identity and history, distinct from French domination.

Mayor is the political head of the Municipal Corporation.The mayor is elected annually from among the members of the Corporation. He is the first citizen of the city. He acts as the chairperson of Municipal Corporation. He presides over the meetings of the corporation and guides its deliberations.

• Democratic reforms must be carried out mainly by  political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious  citizens and not by formulating laws at every instance.
• Any legal change must take into account the political and social effects.
• Laws must empower people to carry out democratic reforms.
• Political reforms should include the strengthening of democratic practices.
• Political reforms should be properly implemented in areas that need them.

The caste hierarchy means the system of social stratification in our society. Broadly speaking, caste system is a process of placing people in occupational groups. It has pervaded several aspects of Indian society for centuries. It dictates the types of occupatiohs a person can pursue and the social interactions that he/she may have. Castes are ranked in hierarchical order, which determines the behaviour of one member of society over andther.
Besides voting, the caste is an important factor, influencing the selection of candidates in elections, appointment of ministers, transfer and posting of public officials etc. The policy of reservation has given further impetus to the role of caste in politics. Caste plays a very important role in elections and voting. Political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste composition in the constituency. The voting in elections and mobilisation of political support from top to bottom moves on the caste lines. Caste functions as a pressure group in politics. Political bargaining is also done on caste lines.

Democracies lead to peaceful harmonious life among citizens:
1. No society has a permanent solution for the differences that can come up between various groups in it.
2. But democracy provides the opportunity to negotiate the differences and decide on what is better for everyone.
 3. Non-democratic regimes usually just ignore the internal problems or suppress it.
4. Democracy ensures inclusion of every group including minorities and its interests in the decision making.
5. Democracy reduces the chances of differences or conflicts becoming violent.

Three reasons for the decline of Indian textile industries by the end of 19th century are as follows:
1) After the  industrial revolution Britain started producing machine made textiles which were often of better quality and cheaper than Indian textiles

2) Textiles from India had high demands in Europe. So, British passed strict laws and banned the import of textiles in Britain.

3) Also, India had no support from the colonial British government.

• Marianne and Germania were the female allegories of France and Germany.
• They stood as personifications of the ‘Republic’ and ‘Liberty’.
• They were portrayed that they gave the abstract idea of a nation in a concrete form.
• They would establish a sense of nationality in the citizens of these countries.  

In 1750, 1/10th of the British population lived in London. It was a massive city with a population of about 675,000. London continued to expand during the 19th century.Its population multiplied fourfold between 1810 and 1880, increasing from 1 million to about 4 million.
London was like a magnet for the migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories. The city was full of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled and semi- skilled artisans, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers, and beggars.

This Slavic Nationalist struggle in the 19th Century because the SlavicNations existed as separate states and kingdoms. These were easily prone to conquer by other powers like Russia,Britain etc. In a bid to unite all the small slavic nations,the slavicnation struggle took place.

Resource planning is the wise ,judicious and proper utilisation of the resources.The resources are not evenly distributed in our country,so,the proper planning for resource use serves the following purpose;
1.It saves the environment from degradation.
2.It makes a sustainable use of the resources without compromising with the share for future generation.
3.It makes an equitable distribution of benefits for all.

On a Electric heater we would like to see the ISI mark which is symbol for the standardisation of Electric goods, and it ensures the quality of the heater.

Mahatma Gandhi launched a satyagraha against the  Rowlatt Act because of the  following reasons:

1. The Rowlatt Act was an openly undemocratic measure taken by the British government. It sanctioned the detention of Indian political leaders without any trial for a period upto three years.

2. The law was passed in an autocratic fashion without considering the opinion of the Indian populace which was going to be affected by it.

3. Gandhi saw an opportunity to unite Indians against a common enemy by opposing the unjust clauses of the Rowlatt Act.

1. The right to be protected against the marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property.
2. The right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of goods or services, as the case may be so as to protect the consumer against unfair trade practices.
3. The right to be assured, wherever possible, access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices.
4. The right to be heard and to be assured that consumer 's interests will receive due consideration at appropriate forums.
5. The right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or restrictive trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation of con­sumers; and
6. The right to consumer education.