• Political Fragmentation: Like Germany, Italy was also politically fragmented. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Prince.
• Role ofMazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini made efforts to unite Italian Republic. He had formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’ for achieving his goal.
• Role of Count Cavour: He was the chief minister who led the movement to unify Italy. He formed a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian forces.
• Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi: Garibaldi also formed armed volunteers. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdoms of Two Sicilies and succeeded in driving out the Spanish rulers.
• In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy.

The Hoa Hao movement was started as an expression of Vietnamese opposition to French colonial rule. It took inspiration from the religious ideas popular during the 19th century anti French uprisings. The aim of the movement was to oppose useless public expenditure by the French colonial regime, opposition to the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of opium and alcohol.

The impact of first world war on Indian industries are as follow-

1. British industries were busy in producing and suppling war needs. Hence, they stopped exporting British goods or clothes in colonial markets like India.

2. It was a good opportunity for Indian industries to fill in empty market with their product. Therefore industrial production in India increased.

3. The British colonial government asked Indian factories to supply the war needs like jute bags, cloth or army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles etc.

The Ho Chi Minh trail was an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the North to the South.
The importance of the Ho Chi Minh trail were
(i) The story of the Ho Chi Minh trail is one way of understanding the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought against the US.
(ii) It symbolises how the Vietnamese used their limited resources against the super power like the USA.
(iii) The trail was used by about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops who came to the South each month using this trail.

• Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices.
• Christianity was introduced by the French. Catholic missionaries had been active in winning the converts.
• People also followed some local practices like followers of Huynh Phu So, who was the founder of Hoa Hao and performed miracles.

1-By the end of the 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation Indian history had to be thought about differently.

2-The British saw Indians as backward and primitive,and incapable of governing themselves.

3-In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India's great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.

4-This glorious time in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonized.

5-These nationalist histories urged the leaders to take pride in India's great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

Pressure groups influence politics in the following ways:

• They carry out campaigns, hold protests and rallies in order to gain attention and support of the people. They also try to influence media to give attention to the issues raised by them.
• Pressure groups organise protest rallies or disrupt the government programmes.
• Professional lobbyists are employed by the business groups in order to influence the decision making body of the government.
• Pressure groups and movements play an important role in a democracy. They help in widening democracy. They force the government to recognise and implement laws benefiting wider interests of the society. When a sectional interest group influences the government to make policies in their favour, another group may bring counter pressure on the government to not make laws, the way in which the first group desires. This results in maintaining balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interests of the society.

Korba is a city and an industrial area in Korba District in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Korba is known as the Power Capital of India. Korba has South Eastern Coalfields (SECL), National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Chhattisgarh State Power Generation . Korba Super Thermal Power Plant of NTPC is located at Jamanipali area.

(i) Government can fix the minimum wages rate and working hours.
(ii) Government can provide cheap loans to the self employed people.
(iii) Government can provide cheap and affordable basic services like education, health, food to these workers.
(iv) Government can frame new laws which can provide provision for overtime, paid leave, leave due to sickness, etc.

Yes. Agriculture in India is an activity of the unorganised sector.
(i) Most of the workers working in agriculture are ill paid.
(ii) Agriculture sector faces the problem of under employment.
(iii) Most of the workers working in agriculture are employed only during harvesting and sowing season.
(iv) Most of the farmers are dependent on moneylenders and relatives for their loan requirements.

• Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This type of distribution can be called the horizontal distribution of power. This type of power sharing allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.
• Legislature, executive and judiciary are the three organs of the government. Legislature is responsible for making laws, executive organ is responsible for execution or implementation the laws whereas judiciary is there to provide justice to the people or to solve the disputes.

(i) Organs of the government: Legislature, executive and judiciary are the three organs of the government. Legislature is responsible for making laws, executive organ is responsible for execution or implementation the laws whereas judiciary is there to provide justice to the people or to solve the disputes.
(ii) Power sharing: In India the Union Parliament, i.e., the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha makes laws whereas various ministers and government officials are responsible for the execution of the laws. These ministers are not independent but they are responsible or answerable to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

Water keeps on circulating in nature through various states of matter; in the form of liquid water, vapour and ice. Due to this, the water which disappears because of evaporation comes back in the form of rains. Thus, water becomes a renewable resource.

• The purpose of the public sector is not just to earn profits but to think about the social benefits also.
• There are several things needed by the society as a whole but which the private sector will not be able to provide at a reasonable cost.
• Some of these require large sums of money to be spent, which is beyond the capacity of the private sector.

(a)  Per capita income is the base for comparison.
(b) It is a narrow concept of development.
(c)  Countries have been divided into three categories, i.e., the rich countries, the middle income countries and the poor countries.
UNDP
(a) UNDP has taken education, health and the per capita income as the base.
(b)  It is a broader concept of development,
(c)  Countries have been ranked.

(i) The most well known silk route connected China to Europe. West bound Chinese silk cargoes travelled on this route. Chinese pottery also travelled through this route.
(ii) Historians have identified several silk routes over land and sea knitting together vast regions of Asia, linking Asia with North Africa. These resulted in vibrant pre-modern trade. Through this route Chinese pottery, Indian textiles and spices from South East Asia travelled to Europe and North Africa.
(iii) Trade and cultural exchanges went hand in hand. Early Christian missionaries and later the Muslim preachers travelled by these routes. Buddhist missionaries went from India to China and Chinese Buddhist travellers came to India using the silk route.

The major functions of political parties:

i. Contesting election: In democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put by political parties.

ii. Forming programmes and policies: Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which to supports.

iii. Making laws: Parties play a decisive role in making laws. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature.

iv. Role of opposition: Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.

v. Access to government machinery and welfare schemes: Political parties provide access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by the government. Parties have to be responsive to the needs and demands of the people.

Consumer Protection Act, 1986 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 1986 to protect the interests of consumers in India. It makes provision for the establishment of consumer councils and other authorities for the settlement of consumers' disputes and for matters connected therewith also.

The Group 77 countries demanded a New International Economic Order to: 

(i)get real control on their own natural resources

(ii)get more development assistance from advanced or western countries.

(iii)obtain fairer price for raw material and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.

• India produces about 4 per cent of the world’s coffee production.
• Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.
• The Arabica variety, initially brought from Yemen, is produced in the country.
• Initially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills in Karnataka and even today its cultivation is confined to Nilgiri in Karnataka. Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
  Indian coffee variety is in great demand all over the world.