(i) The controversy over the Hindi and English as the official language started when our Constitution made the provision that the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965.
(ii) However, many non-Hindi speaking states demanded that the use of English should continue. In Tamil Nadu, this movement took a violent form.
(iii) So the central government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes.
(iv) Thus, the flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped our country to avoid the tense situation like that in Sri Lanka.

During the time period from 1830 to 1848 many revolutions took place because since the conservative reation after 1815 many monarchichal and despotic regimes were reestablished all over Europe. However, the ideals of nationalism, republicanism and liberalism had already been instilled in the people of Europe. This led to a major churning of nationalist aspirations among the multi-lingual and multi-ethnic states of Europe. Different nations started to demand thier own states with republican rule. This led to many insurrections against the monarchical and conservative rule all over Europe between 1830 to 1848. For instance, The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. The Greek war of Independence that started in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Finally, Greece gained its independence in 1832 after the Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as one.

Any substance which satisfies human needs is called resources. A resource should have following characteristics-
(i) Resources should have utility & value.
(ii) Resources should be technically accessible and economically affordable.

a. Guild basically refers to the association of merchants, craftsmen  or traders.to promote their economic interests.
b. Guild restrictions refers to certain restrictions imposed on the the association in terms of trade or manufacturing.

c. Napoleon introduced many measures like he removed guild restrictions allowed ,merchants, artisans to trade freely.

There are people seeking equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of other rather earning more income. Hence, every individual has their own priority to have material things or non-material things. For example, only joining a new job, a person may consider many factors other than income such as work environment, security etc.

(i) The Gudem rebellion spread in response to the Non Cooperation Movement in 1921.
(ii) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrila movement spread in the early 1920s under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju Against forest laws.
(iii) The rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God as he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people.
(iv) Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma . Gandhi and was inspired by Non Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force.
(v) The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was arrested and executed in 1924.

• Dams tend to be extremely expensive to build and when a decision is taken to build one anyway, it must adhere to a very high standard.
• And other point to be kept in mind is that since the cost is so high for dam construction, it goes to mean that they must operate for many decades to become profitable enough.
• You must have heard of the rare flooding related to big dams. But this flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed.
• Relocation is another big concern. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley that could be flooded, must move out. Hence, they lose their farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly removed so that hydro-power plant constructions can go ahead. This happens to be an ethical concern.
• The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage, for instance, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the earth’s surface at its location. This is an alarming matter.
• Although modern planning and design of dams has reduced the possibility of certain disasters occurring.

The Rowlatt Act passed in 1919 in the Imperial Legislative Council empowered the British Government to arrest nationalists and imprisoned them for two years without any trial. This law was strongly opposed by the people of India.
Gandhi launched a movement against this unjust Act which involved shops being closed and workers of the railway workshop going on a strike. Also, rallies protesting against this Act were organised in various cities.

Materials in the environment which can satisfy human needs but we human beings do not have the proper technology to access these are included in stock.
in the case of potential resorces are found in a region  but have not been utilised.for eg the resources like solar and wind energy found in gujarat and rajasthan are not being properly utilised.

Resources are essential for all kinds of developmental activities. But indiscriminate use of resources and over use of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important.
E.g., Gandhiji rightly said, There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.
For the first-time conservation of resources has been advocated by the Club of Rome at the international level in a more systematic way in 1968. Another significant contribution was made at the Earth Summit at Riode Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.

Sheet erosion is the uniform removal of soil in thin layers by the forces of raindrops and overland flow. It can be a very effective erosive process because it can cover large areas of sloping land and go unnoticed for quite some time.

In hills and mountainous regions,specially in western Himalayas, people build diversion channels called guls and kuls for irrigational purpos. This is a way of harvesting water. They are mostly used in the state of Himachal Pradesh.

Resource Planning. Resource planning refers to the strategy for planned and judicious utilisation of resources. Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
Resource planning is essential for India as there is enormous diversity in the availability of resources. For example the state of Rajasthan has vast potential for the development of solar and wind energy but is deficient in water resources.

Water is a renewable resource as it is renewed by water cycle itself, where three processes take place as evaporation, condensation and precipitation. This process of water cycle is never ending and hence, water is a renewable resource.

Scribes were the trained skilled handwriters and copyists of the manuscripts.
In ancient and medieval period before the printing was widespread, the scribes were in great demand. Even after the demand for books increased, book fairs were held at different places. Production of handwritten manuscripts was also organised in new ways to meet the demand.
Scribes were not only employed by wealthy or influential patrons but also by a large number of booksellers. More than 50 scribes often worked for a single bookseller.

Resources are essential for human survival and for maintaining the quality offlife. But indiscriminate use of resources had led to many problems like;
(i) Depletion of resources for satisfying the need of few greedy individuals.
(ii) Accumulation of resources in the hands of few individuals dividing the society into haves and have nots or rich and poor.
(iii) Over exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crisis like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, environmental pollution and land degradation.