Idealistic liberal democratic sentiments because of a narrow creed with limited ends. Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war.
After 1871 nationalist tension mounted in Europe in the area called Balkan’s. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations.
A large part of Balkans was under the contral of the ottoman Empire.
The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans and downfall of Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
As the different Slavic nationalist struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkans became an area of conflict.
There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies.
This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the first world war.
Many countries in the world which had been colonized by the European powers in the 19th century began to oppose imperial domination.
The anti-imperial movements developed nationalism and formed independent nationstates.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).UNDP helps countries develop strategies to combat poverty by expanding access to economic opportunities and resources, linking poverty programmes with countries’ larger goals and policies, and ensuring a greater voice for the poor. UNDP also works at the macro level to reform trade, encourage debt relief and foreign investment, and ensure the poorest of the poor benefit from globalisation.

• The First World War Forced recruitment of soldiers bred resentment in villages.
• The First World War created a new economic and political situation by leading to huge expenditures in defence which were to be financed by increasing taxes and raising custom duties.
• Crop failures and spread of influenza epidemic led to widespread hardships.
• Muslims were disenchanted with the treatment meted out to Ottoman Empire by the imperial powers. This led to a groundswell of support for non-cooperation.
• The business classes reacted against policies that restricted their business.

Importance of soil as a resource

• Soil is the most important renewable natural resource.
• It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the Earth.
• Soil helps in providing food to this Earth.

Factors Responsible for the Formation of Soil

The relief features, parent material, climate, vegetation and other life-forms as well as time apart from human activities are the major factors responsible for the formation of soil.

1. Parent Material: It is deposited by streams or derived from in-situ weathering. In this stage, soil inherits many properties like the mineral composition, the colour, the particle size and the chemical elements. For example- Black soil derived its colour from lava rock

2. Climate: It is one of the important factors in the formation of soil because it affects the rate of weathering of the parent rock.

3. Role of precipitation: The variability in the precipitation modified the composition of the soil. For Example- Areas with little rainfall with high rate of evaporation led to the accumulation of salts in the soil. The soils underlying tropical rain forests tend to be nutrient-poor because of intensive leaching due to heavy rains.

4. Role of temperature: It is also play important role because fluctuations in temperature causes shrinking and swelling, frost action and general weathering in soils.

Power sharing is the distribution ofpower among the organs of the government like – legislature, executive and judiciary. It is an intelligent step to ensure the stability of political order.

History:

Indo china, Work life leisure, Novel

Geo:

Forest , water resources

Civics

Democracy and Div, Popular struggle, Challenges to demo

Eco:

Consumer rights.

Agriculture and commerce are state subjects.But still we have ministers of agriculture and commerce in the Union cabinet , because;

1) They have much more importance in the national economy.

2) Both of these sectors decide our annual GDP.

3) Both of these sectors demand a good quality governing structure for their well implementation in the national and international markets.

1. Power sharing in simple words is sharing of responsibility & powers among different organ of government.
2. Power sharing is a strategy for resolving disputes over who should have the powerful position in the social hierarchy.

Everything material in our culture ultimately comes from natural resources. For example, Coal, Oil, Soil, Water, Land, Minerals, Forests and Timber, and Air we breathe. The role natural resources has on earth is imperative indeed. That is why it’s so important for us to all have some accountability and why we need to PROTECT and RESPECT our environment.

1. Nature helps to maintain the environmental balance and satisfy the needs to the fullest.
2.  A wide range of industrial material and biological material from plant and animal, directly or indirectly are used in production and in the manufacturing of medicine.
3.Resource are known as capital converted to commodity inputs to infrastructural capital processes.

Satyagraha is derived from a sanskrit word 'satya' and 'agraha' which means the path followed by truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause was truth and the fight is against injustice then there is no need of any physical force, and Satyagrahi can win the fight with the help of truth and non-violence. So, the idea of Satyagraha was based on truth and peace. He started the movements in January 1915, to spread the idea of Satyagraha like civil disobedience and non cooperation. He helped peasants, farmers and plantation workers to retain their liberty to reduce taxes to get freedom. S, the idea was comprised of:
(i) Following the path of truth and non-violence to attain freedom and fight against injustice.
(ii) Philosophy of nonviolent resistance adopted to end the British Raj in India.
(iii) The idea emphasized the power of truth and need to search for truth.
(iv) It advocated that for true cause and struggle against injustice, physical force is not required to fight with the oppressor.
(v) Without being aggressive, people can win battle through non-violence.
(vi) People-including the oppressors-had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.
(vii) By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex because in that country Dutch speaking people are in majority ( 59 %), while French and German speaking are respectively 40% and 1%.
The French live in the Wallonia region and the Dutch lives in flemish region. While this is the case in the country, the capital, Brussels has French speaking people as the majority ( 80%) and Dutch 20%.