By the end of the 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation Indian history had to be thought about differently.
The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves.
In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India's great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.
This glorious time in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised.
These nationalist histories urged the leaders to take pride in India's great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

• Things available in our environment become resources only when human beings find a way to transform them into a useful form. For a thing to become a resource:
• Resources can be classified based on their origin, exhaustibility, ownership and status of development.
• Resources can be living or non-living. Living things, like forests, land and sea animals, insects and human beings, are called biotic resources.
• Resources in the form of non-living things, like rocks, minerals and metals, are called abiotic resources.
• Resources can also be classified based on whether they can be regenerated or lost forever once used.
• Resources like solar and wind energy, reversible chemical reactions and physical power, which can be regenerated once used, are called renewable resources.

Ethnic composition of Belgium : The ethnics composition of Belgium, a small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1 per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city, Brussels, about 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch-speaking.
Ethnic composition of Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population (74%) with Tamils (18%) who are mostly concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include the Muslims. Among Tamils, there are two sub-groups. The Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 %). The Tamils, who were brought as indentured labourers from India by British colonists to work on estate plantations are called the ‘Indian Origin Tamils’ (5%). Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhalese.

The non-cooperation movement was launched on 1st August 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC) under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. It signified a new chapter in the history of Indian freedom struggle.

• Resentment at the British after the war: Indians thought that in return for the extensive support of manpower and resources they had provided to Britain during the First World War, they would be rewarded by autonomy at the end of the war. But the Government of India Act passed in 1919 was dissatisfactory. In addition, the British also passed repressive acts like the Rowlatt Act which further angered many Indians who felt betrayed by the rulers despite their wartime support.
• Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant character.
• Economic hardships due to World War I: India’s indirect participation in the war caused a lot of economic hardships to the people. Prices of goods began to soar which affected the common man. Peasants also suffered because the prices of agricultural products did not increase. All this led to resentment against the government.
• The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The repressive Rowlatt Act and the brutal massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the Indian leaders and the people. Their faith in the British system of justice was broken and the whole country rallied behind its leaders who were pitching for a more aggressive and firm stance against the government.
• The Khilafat Movement: During the First World War, Turkey, which was a German ally, had fought against the British. After Turkey’s defeat, the Ottoman caliphate was proposed to be dissolved. The Khilafat movement was launched by Muslims in India to persuade the British government not to abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British.

Following are five important terms of the Treaty of Versailles:

1. The Treaty held Germany guilty of aggression.
2. Germany was made responsible for the payment of the losses and damages suffered by the Allies during the First World War. The reparations to be paid were 33 billion dollars. It was decided that Germany would have to cede its merchant ships to the Allies and provide massive amount of coal to France, Belgium and Italy for a period of five years.
3. The Rhine Valley was to be completely demilitarized and the area west of the Rhine was to be occupied by the soldiers of Allies for 15 years.
4. Germany also had to cede the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to France; Eupen-et-Malmedy to Belgium and Schleswig to Denmark. Danzig was made a Free Port in the Polish territory.
5. Germany had to cede parts of her pre-War territory to Denmark, Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia and France.

the main objective of the Vienna of 1815 was to undo the most of the changes that was come in Europe during Napoleonic wars. they wanted to maintain a balance in Europe (II) France lost the territories. it was annexed under Napoleon. (III) the German confederation of 39 states had been set up by Napoleon that was left untouched.

In 1815, the European powers met at Vienna and tried to transform all the changes that came about in Europe during ’ Napoleon’s era.
The four majorproposals/features of the Vienna Congress were
(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed.
(ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
(iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its . Western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
(iv) The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.

• Power sharing is important because it reduces the possibility of conflict between social groups.
• Power sharing ensures the stability of political order as social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.  

Mahatma Gandhiji designed the “Swaraj Flag” by 1921.
Features:

• It had tricolours- Red, Green and White
• It had a spinning wheel in the center.
• It represents the Gandhian idea of self-help.
• It had become a symbol of defiance.

 Power sharing accomodates diversities.In Belgium,power was shared among all communities equally by a proper constitution where number of ministers were equal from dutch and french communities.But,in SriLanka the case is different.T here,Sinhalas followed majoritarianism to suppress others which led to a civil war.

At that time most of the people were illiterate. They were able to understand only vernacular regional or simple language. That is why use of the vernacular or regional language easily carry out the modern nationalist message to the large audience easily.
Nationalist sentiment also attached with local language. The message conveyed in vernacular language affect powerfully. Folk lore, folk tales and the activities concerned with vernacular language gave the feeling of nationalism and tied the people by the thread of national love and honour.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). UNDP helps countries develop strategies to combat poverty by expanding access to economic opportunities and resources, linking poverty programmes with countries’ larger goals and policies, and ensuring a greater voice for the poor. UNDP also works at the macro level to reform trade, encourage debt relief and foreign investment, and ensure the poorest of the poor benefit from globalisation.

1. Power sharing in simple words is sharing of responsibility & powers among diffent organ of govenment.
2. Power sharing is a strategy for resolving disputes over whoshould have the powerful position in the social hierarchy.

In Switzerland, The government exercises executive power and the Federal legislative power is shared between the government and the two houses of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland. The judiciary is independent of executive and legislature. Switzerland is the closest in the world to having a direct democracy.
In Canada, provincial legislatures can tax provinces, natural resources and can also amend their own constitutions, but cannot take over powers of Parliament of Canada. In case of any conflict between the provinces and parliament, provinces prevail.