The arrests of the national leaders Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satya Pal on 10^th April 1919 in connection with the protests against the Rowlatt Act led to pervasive agitation among the people of Punjab. On 13^th April 1919, i.e. Baisakhi day, people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh to protest against these arrests. The peaceful gathering was attended by adults and children. The military commander of Amritsar, General Dyer, came to the park with some soldiers and blocked the only entrance of the park. He then ordered the men to open fire. The firing lasted for 10 minutes and killed hundreds of people and wounded thousands. People were outraged over the massacre, and there were several strikes and clashes. Martial law was proclaimed in Punjab on 15^th April 1919. Rabindranath Tagore expressed the pain and anger of the country by renouncing his knighthood.

Majoritarianism means a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority, e.g., Sri Lanka opted for majoritarianism in which majority Sinhalas rule the country.
Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The democratically elected government adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.

1. In 1956, an Act was passed to make Sinhala as the official language.
2. The government followed preferential policies favouring Sinhala applicants for University positions and government jobs.
3. The constitution provided for State protection for Buddhism.

       The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture and denied them equal political rights which led to increased feeling of alienation among them.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the discontent and various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:

• Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration. They wanted to establish individual freedom and equality before the law and equal political rights.
• Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished.The Issue of political rights to women also was a social issue. Liberal also stressed the inviolability of private property.
• Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. Abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

• One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power.
• In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-governance.
• In a democracy, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society.
• Everyone has a voice in the shaping up of public policies.

Colanisation means establishing a settlement or colony by a group of people who seek to take control of territories or countries.
It is usually a large-scale immigration of people to a 'new' location and the expansion of their civilisation and culture into this area.