French artist personified liberty as a female figure.

In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them. The first print of the series, shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and social classes – marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it.

Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper utilisation of resources. As the resources are limited and unevenly distributed over the country their planning is essential. Resource planning comprises three stages:
(i) Preparation of inventory of resources.
(ii) Evaluation in terms of availability for development.
(iii) Planning for exploitation of resources
• The first stage includes surveying, mapping and measurement of characteristics and properties of resources.
• The second stage examines resources from the points of view of technology, economy and need.
• The third stage is related to action-oriented planning which emphasises use and reuse of the sources.

• Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded two underground societies; first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne.
• Giuseppe Mazzini was an important figure in liberal natioanlism. He made a significant contribution to the unification of Italy.
• By 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini put forward a coherent programme of a unitary Italian Republic formed a secret society named Young Italy to inspire them with ideas of unification.
• Inspired by Mazzini several Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
• He inspired the youth of Italy with natioanlist ideas.
• He believed God intended nations to be natural units of mankind and Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
• He founded the underground secret societies Youth Italy Italy and Young Europe to involve the youth in revolutionary activities.

Industry is one of the major factors which cause land degradation in the following manner:
(i) Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry, and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industries generates heavy amount of dust and releases it in the atmosphere. It later on settles down in the surrounding areas, affecting infiltration of water and crop cultivation.
(ii) Out of their greed, various industry owner resort to cutting of trees indiscriminately which turns the land into wasteland.
(iii) Sometimes the construction of industries or factories one after the other also leads to the degradation of the land.
(iv) In recent years, industrial effluents and wastes have become a major source of land and water pollution in several parts of the country.

• After the failure of First Round Table Conference efforts were made by the Government to make an agreement that  the congress  would attend the next Round Table Conference.
• The Viceroy, Lord Irwin, was authorised to hold talks with Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, Gandhi and Irwin made an agreement on 5 March 1931.
• The agreement is called Gandhi-Irwin pact
• By this pact Government agreed to release most of the civil disobedience volunteers, against whom there was no allegation of violence.
• The Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to participate in the second Round Table Conference.

There are three sectors of economy feasibly found i.e. Primary sector, Secondary sector and Tertiary sector. All the three sectors are interdependent.
Some examples are given to elucidate this fact
(i) Agricultural activities produce raw materials for agro- based industries and food for employees in Secondary and Tertiary sectors. It shows industrial sector and service sector’s dependency on Primary sector.
(ii) Industrial activities produce instruments like tractor, fertiliser for agricultural inputs and increase production and productivity in agriculture. Here, Primary sector depends on Secondary sector.
(iii) Transportation facilities are much required for transportation of agricultural products and industrial products to market rural and urban centres. Here, Primary and Secondary sector depend on Tertiary sector.
(iv) Industrial sector produces trucks, autos etc for transportation, computer assets for proper banking activities and knowledge outsourcing. So, it shows that now Tertiary sector depends on Secondary sector.
(v) If farmer does not produce grain, all people will starve and employees in Secondary and Tertiary sectors will pay much for food items and their life will be scarce.
Marketisation, storage and transportation inadequacy will put obstacle for farmers to link with their consumer and its earning will be reduced and life will be miserable. It shows that Secondary and Tertiary sectors depend on Primary sector.
So, it is reflected that all the sectors of economy are highly interdependent in India and also elsewhere in the world.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was pitched in under leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress from September 1920 to February 1922, marking a new awakening in the Indian Independence.
Non-cooperation can be defined as an instance where a number of individuals either refuse or fail to cooperate with the government of a country.

Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. Usually, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest. The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state. Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of the other.

• Low Funds
• Low technology
• Low people participation & awareness about its importance
• Administrative incompetence
• Became hub for another political warfare
• No expert/professional guidance
• Illiterate people think to be better out of local management
• Corruption
• Local social organisation/‘s hold immense hold over wards
• Less cooperation & coordination from state & central govt

Belgium

1. They adopted a policy of power sharing.
2. They gave equal powers to all communities.. minor or major doesn’t matter
3. It solved the problem. 

SriLanka

1. They adopted a policy of Majoritarioism.
2. They gave preferences to the majority Sinhala group alone, disregarding the minority
3. It only increased the problem

Power sharing is desirable for various concrete reasons. Two sets of reasons have been listed out which favours power sharing in two different manners like: Prudential reason and Moral reason.
Prudential Reason
• According to prudential reason power sharing accommodates social diversity hence, helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between social groups.
• Power sharing in another way ensures the political stability through competition among various political parties.
• Besides, power sharing is also desirable to the promotion of national unity and integrity.
Moral Reason
• Moral Reason is a very deeper reason of power sharing.
• According to moral reason power sharing is desirable to produce an accountable, responsible and legitimate government.
• It implies maximum popular participation through decentralisation of powers so that people would be consulted on how th£y are to be governed.
In this way, both the sets of reasons signify the importance of power sharing in the forms of Community Government, Reserved Constituencies and Decentralisation of powers.

The communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India in the following ways—  
(a) In Sariska Tiger Reserve Rajasthani villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. In many areas villagers themselves are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting government involvement.  
(b) The famous Chipko Movement launched by the woman of Chamoli in Uttarakhand saved more than 12000 sq km area of forests just by hugging the trees when the lumberjacks attempted to cut them.  
(c) Many states have launched the Joint Forest Management Programme to involve local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. Odisha was the first state to launch this programme.  
(d) The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared about 1200 hectares of forest area as the 'Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri'. The community has declared their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.

It is present in limited mount because the land as soil the top most covering favouring the development of agriculture ,and other vegetation takes hundreds and thousands of years to form a single centimetre of soil.The land degradation due to human interference has proved to be costly for the soil to replenish .The unplanned construction,non- scientific farming,mining ,deforestation have all led to the degradation of this asset.

The process of unification of Germany:
1. The middle-class Germans had tried to fight for a united nation governed by an elected parliament in 1848 but were repressed by the monarchy and military.
2. Otto von Bismarck, chief minister of Prussian led the movement for unification of Germany. He was supported by the bureaucracy and the Prussian army.
3. After three wars with Austria, Denmark, and France, Prussia won and unified Germany. The Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German emperor in January 1871.