Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. Usually, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.

The commission arrived in British-occupied India in 1928 to study constitutional reform in Britain's most important colonial dependency. It was commonly referred to as the Simon Commission after its chairman, Sir John Allsebrook Simon. It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon'.

Potential resources are the resources that have been identified but are not yet used due to the lack of availability of technology. The government do not have plans to use them them in near future, but if needed they can be developed and utilised.

• These are resources whose total quantity is not known.
• They are not being used at present.
• As technology improves their use in future is possible.
• Uranium found in Ladakh is an example of potential resources.

Reserves are the resources which have been identified and are entirely reserved for present and future use. 

• These are resources whose total quantity is known.
• They are being used at the present time.
• Available technology is used to use these resources.
• Rich deposits of coal in Rubr region of Germany is an example of actual resources.

a. Economic development is a broad and comprehensive term, it not only includes economic growth but also about increase in the standard of living of individuals.
b. It is about leading a good quality life.
c. Economic development includes indicators life life expectancy, literacy rate, infant mortality rate etc.
d. Mostly all economies  go through a similar stages of development.
e. In one of the first stages, economies are characterised by subsistence agricultural economy where production is not meant for market , cultivation is done primarily through labour intensive on a small scale.

• After the failure of First Round Table Conference efforts were made by the Government to make an agreement that  the congress  would attend the next Round Table Conference.
• The Viceroy, Lord Irwin, was authorised to hold talks with Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, Gandhi and Irwin made an agreement on 5 March 1931.
• The agreement is called Gandhi-Irwin pact
• By this pact Government agreed to release most of the civil disobedience volunteers, against whom there was no allegation of violence.
• The Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to participate in the second Round Table Conference.

Causes of soil erosion:

1. Due to human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, construction and mining, etc.
2. Natural forces like wind, glacier and water leads to soil erosion.
3. The running water cuts through clayey soils and makes deep channels as ‘gullies’. The land becomes unfit for cultivation, this process is called gully erosion and the land is called bad land or ravines in the Chambal basin.
4. Sometimes, water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. It leads to the washing away of the top soil. This process is called sheet erosion.
5. Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land, and is called wind erosion.
6. Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming.

i) Renewable resources:- Renewable resources are the natural resources which can be used against and again or can be reproduced by physical, mechanical and chemical processes. Solar energy, air, water and soil are some of the renewable resources of energy.
ii) Non-renewable resources:- Non-renewable resources are the natural resources that cannot be replaced at all or within a reasonable time. Fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal are examples of non-renewable resources. These resources accumulated over millions of years. They are considered to be non-renewable resources because once they are used up, they are gone forever.

Horizontal Division of Powers
(i) Horizontal Division of powers is such a power sharing arrangement in which power is shared , among different organs of government as, legislature, executive and judiciary.
(ii) In horizontal division of powers, different organs of government exercise different powers, i.e., there is a concept of separation of powers.
(iii) Horizontal distribution specifies the concept of checks and balances in order to check the exercises of unlimited powers of the organs.
(iv) Horizontal distribution of power ensures the concept of the expansion of democracy.
Vertical Divisions of Powers
(i) In Vertical Division of powers, power can be shared among governments at different levels like union, state and local levels of such government, i.e., it involves higher and lower levels of government.
(ii) Whereas, in vertical division of powers, constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government.
(iii) But, there is no such concept of checks and balances in the vertical Division because powers are clearly given by the constitution from the higher level to the lower level.
(iv) Vertical division of powers promotes the concept of deepening of democracy.

By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in Germany. Their after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its chief minister Otto von Bismarck who followed a policy of "blood and Iron" within a period of seven years three were fought with demark Austria and France. These states were defeated. In January 1871 the process of unification of Germany was completed. The Prussian kind William I was proclaimed German Emperor.
 

(i) Even before factories began to be widespread in England and Europe, there was a large-scale industrial production for international market.
(ii) This was not based on factories.
(iii) Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto-industrialisation.

The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex because in that country Dutch speaking people are in majority ( 59 %), while French and German speaking are respectively 40% and 1%.
The French live in the Wallonia region and the Dutch lives in flemish region. While this is the case in the country, the capital, Brussels has French speaking people as the majority ( 80%) and Dutch 20%.

Power sharing is desirable in democracy because:
(i) Prudential reasons:
(a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.
(b) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
(c) Imposing the will of majority, community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.
(ii) Moral reasons:
(a) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effect.
(b) People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
(c) A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

Resources that are available, but we do not have proper technology to used them are called Stock. For example – water is made of oxygen and hydrogen, which can be used as fuel, but because of lack of proper technology these are not being used.

Unclassed Forests consists of inaccessible forests or wastelands. These consist of only 16% of the total forest areas. These forests are owned by Government and Private Individuals. The forests of north-eastern states and parts of  Gujarat fall under this category.

 Red Data List of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), t

In semi arid regions of Rajasthan rainwater harvesting is carried out in their own manner. Houses have traditionally constructed underground tanks or ‘tankas’ for storing rainwater which they use for drinking and other purposes. These are big and are a part of well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system. These tanks are constructed inside the main house or the courtyard and are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. The rain falling on the rooftop travels down through the pipe and is stored in the tanks(tankas). The first spell of rain is not collected as this water cleans the roof and pipes.

During summer when all other sources of water dry up, these tanks remain the best source of water. The water is sweet and cool here and also help in keeping the houses cool due to conduction.

Major forms of power sharing in modern democracy are: Power sharing among different Organs of the Government: In democracy, power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power. No organ of the governemnt can e P xcercise unlimited power as each ower sharing among different Organs of the Government organ checks the others. Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government. Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In India, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration. Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. When no party gets a majority, two or more parties come together to form a governemnt. In a democracy, pressure and interest groups also have an indirect share in the governemnt's power.