The Khilafat Committee was formed by a Young generation of Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali and
Shaukat Ali, to defend the temporal powers of the Caliph in the aftermath of the defeat of Ottoman Turkey in the First World War. Caliph was the temporal head of the Muslims.

i) 74 percent sinhala speakers
ii) 18 percent tamil speakers
iii) Tamils speakers were divided into 2 subgrpups
iv) Srilankan Tamils n Indian Tamils - Sri lankan Tamils were 13 percent n rest 5 percent were Indian Tamils

Provisions of Indian constitution which makes India a federal country are 1. In India, the powers to run the country have been vested in the Central government and the State government. State governments are not subordinate to the Central governments and both derive their authority from the Constitution. Later, the elements of the local self-government formed the third tier of federalism. 2. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution. Disputes arising between various levels of the government are resolved by the Supreme Court. 3. Sources of revenues of the central and the state governments are clearly laid down in the Constitution. 4. There are three different lists in which laws can be made by the central and the state governments. The Central government can form laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union List, the State government can make laws on the subjects included in the State List and both governments can form laws mentioned in the Concurrent List.

Gram Sabha Gram Sabha is a body consisting of all the persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level.
Three Tiers of Panchayati Raj Part IX provides for a 3 tier Panchayat system, which would be constituted in every state at the village level, inter.
Reservation in Panchayats There is a provision of reservation of seats for SCs and STs at every level of Panchayat.
Duration of Panchayats A clear term for 5 years has been provided for the Panchayats and elections must take place before the expiry of the terms.

 In 1799 Napoleon became the first council after overthrowing the role of directory. He acquired numerous powers and even opted for a plebiscite in which 99.9 % people voted for his new administrative system. He not only conquered new areas but also made peace treaties with the enemies. All this proves that he was an able administrator. He implemented many  reforms from 1799 till 1804 which are given as follows :
1.He stopped inflation through the financial reforms.
2. He established the Bank of France.
3. He resolve the long time confrontation with the Pope which was started with the confiscation of Church’s property in 1789. He event declared Catholic religion as a religion of the majority of French people.
4. Later on he introduced the Napoleonic code which became the basis of French legal system in the future.

The capital, Brussels has French speaking people as the majority ( 80%) and Dutch 20%. The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex because in that country Dutch speaking people are in majority ( 59 %), while French and German speaking are respectively 40% and 1%.

Belgium is a country in Europe with its capital at Brussels. It has three ethnic communities : the French, living in Wallonia region; the Dutch, residing in Flemish region and the Germans, living in the eastern part of the country. The need for power sharing arose in Belgium because of contrasting distribution of population in the capital and the rest of the country. In the capital city of Brussels, French-speaking people are in majority (80% of the population), while in the rest of the country, the Dutch are in majority, constituting about 60% of the population. Also, the minority French population was much richer and educated than the majority Dutch because of which the Dutch people got the benefit of development much later. This created tensions in the country. Hence, in the 1970s, a power-sharing arrangement was chalked out in Belgium so as to accommodate the interests of both the ethnic groups.
The power -sharing arrangement formulated in Belgium is quite complex and innovative. The Belgian leaders recognized the regional differences in the country and tried to give each community its fair share in the country’s governance. The salient features of the power-sharing arrangement in Belgium are as follows:
(i) The number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers in the central government is equal.
(ii) The majority of members from each linguistic group is required with respect to certain special laws that affect a particular community.
(iii) Flemish and Wallonia regions have been given many powers of the central government and they are not subordinate to the central government.
(iii) Flemish and Wallonia regions have been given many powers of the central government and they are not subordinate to the central government.

Language policy of India:
1. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of the Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages.
2. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as scheduled languages by the Constitution.
3. A candidate in an examination conducted for the national government positions may opt to take the examination in any of these languages. States too have their own official languages. Much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned state.
4. Unlike Sri Lanka, the leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi. According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965.

• US athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination against the blacks in the United States.
• In the medal ceremony of 1968 Olympics held at Mexico City, the two athletes stood with clenched fistsupraised and heads bowed..They received their medals wearing black socks and no shoes to representBlack poverty.

The communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India in the following ways—  
(a) In Sariska Tiger Reserve Rajasthani villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. In many areas villagers themselves are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting government involvement.  
(b) The famous Chipko Movement launched by the woman of Chamoli in Uttarakhand saved more than 12000 sq km area of forests just by hugging the trees when the lumberjacks attempted to cut them.
  (c) Many states have launched the Joint Forest Management Programme to involve local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. Odisha was the first state to launch this programme.  
(d) The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared about 1200 hectares of forest area as the 'Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri'. The community has declared their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.

Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, brought out a series of four prints in 1848. These prints depicted his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’. The first of the four prints, depicts all the different people of Europe and America, irrespective of age, *** or class, marching and saluting to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it. The Statue of Liberty bears a torch symbolizing Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other. While on the earth in the front of the statue lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions like crown, sceptre; in the background the depictions of religious images and symbols guarantee divine approval. The word 'Fraternity' proclaiming Universal Brotherhood is written in the background. Sorrieu's Utopian vision had the peoples of the world grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. This represents the different people of the world grouped under their own nations with symbols of their nationalism like flag and national costume.

1) In Silence there are two communities' sinhala and Tamil
2) Among Tamils the Tamil natives who are called, Srilankan Tamils and the Indian Tamils whose forefathers come from India as plantation workers during the colonial period.
3) Most of the Sinhalas are Buddhist and Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. So in Srilanka the problem was who is going to hold power and enjoy the economic benefits

Everything material in our culture ultimately comes from natural resources. For example, Coal, Oil, Soil, Water, Land, Minerals, Forests and Timber, and Air we breathe. The role natural resources has on earth is imperative indeed. That is why it’s so important for us to all have some accountability and why we need to PROTECT and RESPECT our environment.