Sustainable development means the development which does not harm the environment and the recent development does not overlook the needs and requirement of the future generations.

For instance, groundwater; it is generally rendered by nature. Accordingly, we must consume groundwater in a manner that it can be said a Rational or careful use of resources. Moreover, the precise and systematic use of groundwater is essential as imprudent use of the naturally provided (groundwater; in the case of groundwater) resources may deplete them. We should not consume and contaminated the groundwater to a degree that it converts unavailable or unusable for our forthcoming generation.

Sustainable development is the usage of natural resources for human needs in a way that preserves the environment that produces those resources so they can be used in the future. Scientists argue that sustainable development has many benefits and that it maintains biodiversity, ensures future resources for economic stability, encourages greater efficiency and often reduces the impact of natural disasters.

आपदा प्रबंधन के दो महत्वपूर्ण आंतरिक पहलू हैं। वह हैं पूर्ववर्ती और उत्तरवर्ती आपदा प्रबंधन। पूर्ववर्ती आपदा प्रबंधन को जोखिम प्रबंधन के रूप में जाना जाता है।
आपदा के खतरे जोखिम एवं शीघ्र चपेट में आनेवाली स्थितियों के मेल से उत्पन्न होते हैं। यह कारक समय और भौगोलिक – दोनों पहलुओं से बदलते रहते हैं। जोखिम प्रबंधन के तीन घटक होते हैं। इसमें खतरे की पहचान, खतरा कम करना (ह्रास) और उत्तरवर्ती आपदा प्रबंधन शामिल है।

Development goals varies from person's need. Different people always have different opinions and different goals. An individual have different goals and ideas about its development.

 Development involves many questions for better life and the ways in which one can work to achieve goals. Since every individual is different from each other, the notion of development also varies. The difference in social and economic positions of the people generally results in different goals of development. 

The three dimensions of government approach to reduce poverty in India:

1. Growth oriented approach is based on the expectation that the effects of economic growth would rapidly increase the gross domestic product and per capita income. This would reach all sections of the society and for the betterment of the poor sections.
2. In the Third Five Year Plan, the second approach has been initiated with a notable programme was the Food for work.
3. Third approach is to provide minimum basic amenities to the people. Through this approach, programmes have supplemented the consumption of the poor, generation of employment opportunities and improvement of health and education.

In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia. It was joined by most of the German States.
The aim of zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation. The Union abolished the tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to only two.
It helped to awaken and raise national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The German people realised that a free economic system was the only means to engender national feeling.

In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia. It was joined by most of the German States.

It was formed by the coalition of german union in their territories

National income is defined as the total net value of all goods and services produced within a nation over a specified period of time.  
or
National income is defined as the total value of all the goods and services produced within a country together with income coming from abroad.

Sum total of all the money which is earned in the country by its people and citizens.

(i) Power sharing among the different organs of government (Horizontal power sharing). In a democracy, power is shared among the different organs of the government such as the legislature, executive and the judiciary. This is called the horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Under this kind of power sharing arrangement, one can exercise unlimited powers. Each organ has its own powers, and it can also check the powers of other. So this results in a balance of power among the various institutions.

(ii) Power sharing among governments at different levels : Under this, people choose separate governments at separate levels, for example, a general local government for the entire country and local governments at the provincial, sub-national or regional levels. Such a general government for the entire country is usually called a Federal government.

(iii) Power sharing among different social groups : In a democracy, especially, in a multi-ethnic society, power is also shared
among social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and the administration.
(iv) Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements : In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements. Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

Forms of power sharing

with the support of prussia middle class people war and gemany declared a nation or independent

Thank u

• In Britain, the formation of the nation state was not the result of a sudden revolution. It was the result of a long process.
• There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
• British Isles were ethnic ones. Ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions
• The English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power. It became able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
• The English Parliament had seized power from the monarchy in 1688.
• The Act of Union, 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. With the result, England became able to impose its influence on Scotland.

Hi

Hgfg

Yes

It's a copy paste

?

Differences: Alluvial soil (i) These soils are formed by deposition of rivers. (ii) These are confined to the northern plains and coastal plains. (iii) These are fine and highly fertile. (iv) These support many crops like rice, wheat. Black soil (Regur soil) (i) These soils are formed by weathering of igneous rocks and lava flow. (ii) These are found in north western part of peninsular plateau mainly in Maharashtra, parts of Gujarat. (iii) These are fertile. (iv) Cotton grows best in this soil.

But srijan ur answer is wrong france got indepent in 14 july 1789

1981

Thanks

Germany: After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution. Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe. This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states. As you have seen, nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles  to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia. The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.

Italy: Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain. Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.

During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war. In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.

Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. However, much of the Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberalnationalist ideology. The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of Italia, and believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife.

It contains three lists:

• Union List: It includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. They are included in this list because we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country.
• State List: The list contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The state governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the state list.
• Concurrent List: Includes subjects of common interest to both, the Union government as well as the State government such as education, forests, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both the Union as well as State governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union government prevails.

Hlo

Same I also

I am from Delhi and u?

Where are you from

Welcm

Thxxx

The fundamental differences between economic growth and development are explained in the points given below: ★Economic growth is the positive change in the real output of the country in a particular span of time economy. Economic Development involves a rise in the level of production in an economy along with the advancement of technology, improvement in living standards and so on. ★Economic growth is one of the features of economic development. ★Economic growth is an automatic process. Unlike economic development, which is the outcome of planned and result-oriented activities. ★Economic growth enables an increase in the indicators like GDP, per capita income, etc. On the other hand, economic development enables improvement in the life expectancy rate, infant mortality rate, literacy rate and poverty rates. ★Economic growth can be measured when there is a positive change in the national income, whereas economic development can be seen when there is an increase in real national income. ★Economic growth is a short-term process which takes into account yearly growth of the economy. But if we talk about economic development it is a long term process. ★Economic Growth applies to developed economies to gauge the quality of life, but as it is an essential condition for the development, it applies to developing countries also. In contrast to, economic development applies to developing countries to measure progress. ★Economic Growth results in quantitative changes, but economic development brings both quantitative and qualitative changes. ★Economic growth can be measured in a particular period. As opposed to economic development is a continuous process so that it can be seen in the long run.

Plzz ans bata do??????

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian nationalist revolutionary who fought for Italian independence and political unification. In 1848, he played an important role in the movement for Italian freedom by organising the Red Shirts, a corps of volunteers. He also formed an alliance with Victor Emanuel, the king of Sardinia, and Count Cavour. Because of his popularity, a large number of Italians pledged their allegiance to the king of Sardinia. Later in 1859, Garibaldi launched a campaign against Austria. He conquered Sicily and Naples in 1860. Soon, there was a revolt in the Papal States and they joined the fledgling Italian Republic. As a result of this unification, a united Italy was finally established in 1861 with Victor Emanuel as its king.

(i) Linguistic States : After independence, in 1950, the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that the people who spoke the same language, share common culture, ethnicity or geography could live in the same state.
(ii) Language Policy : The Indian Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one of the languages. Though Hindi was identified as the optional language, but the central government has not imposed Hindi on states where people speak a different language. Besides Hindi, there are 22 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Indian Constitution.
(iii) Centre-State relations : Improving the Centre-State relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. Though Indian Constitution has demarcated the powers of the Union and the state governments but still the Union government can have influence over the state in many ways.
In the past, the Central government has often misused the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism, and that of democracy.
The judiciary has played a major role in improving the autonomy of the state governments because many a time, it has rescued state governments which were dismissed in an arbitrary manner.

Three sector of indian economy are - Primary sector- it refers to agriculture or pisciculture farming types , they earn verylow income and mainly they extract raw materials from nature and send it orsell it at a price . Ex - wood is cutted and sell it to manufacure Secondary sector - it refers to manufacturing raw materials into a suitable objects . For ex- they manufacure benches from woods and sell it in market Tertiary sector- it refers to providing of services alike transport healthe care

(i) Many peasants had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household.
(ii) So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.
(iii) By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots.
(iv) Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labor resources.

Pressure groups
1. Pressure groups have specific interest and work for the collective interests of its membership only.
2. Membership of pressure groups is limited.
3. Pressure groups resort to agitation a politics like marches, demonstrations, strikes, fasts. Etc.
4. Pressure groups are informal, often secretive, conceited and conspiratorial and sometimes even unrecognized entities.

Political parties
1. While political parties have a broad based programme that covers many aspects of national life influence and coerce the government.
2. Membership of the parties is very broad based and it is a wide coalition of diverse members and they have mass memberships.
3. Political parties use only Constitutional means to achieve their aims.
4. Political parties are the formal, open and recognized part of the political system competing for power.

By implementing different schemes

Because things are expensive in urban arras

• The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India to establish a more direct control over the weavers, free of the existing traders and brokers in the cloth trade.
• The Gomasthas were the paid servants who supervised the weavers,collected supplies and examined the quality of cloth.
• The gomasthas ensured that all management and control of the cloth industry came under the British.
• This helped in eliminating competition, controlling costs and ensuring regular supplies of cotton and silk.