The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ stands for those developments and inventions which revolutionised the technique and organisation of production in the later half of the 18 th century. This Industrial Revolution replaced the previous domestic system of production by the new factory system. In place of manual and animal power, new machines and steam power were used for producing things. This revolution replaced cottage industries by factories, hand labour by machine work and craftsmen and artists by capitalists and factory owners.

Any person who buys anything in the market and uses it is called a consumer. It is the responsibility of the consumer to be more alert and questioning about the price and quality of goods and services that he/she uses.

(1) Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites.

(2) With the printing press, books could reach out to wider sections of society. If earlier, there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being.

(3) Publishers had to keep in mind the wider reach of the printed books. Even those who did not read, could enjoy listening to the books being read out.

 (4) So, printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures.

 (5) These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns.

The main reasons favoring shift from hand printing to mechanical printing in China are the following:

1. The imperial state of China had the bureaucracy. Since the selection of the officials was based on the competitive exams, the state published books for such exams. Over a course of time, the number of applicants increased, and hand printing could not serve the increasing demand for copies.  

2. Printing in the 17th century China was no longer limited to the scholar or the officials, but it was also used by merchants, to print their daily entries.

3. Besides, reading during this time grew a leisure activity. Almost all the sections of the society began reading poetries, autobiographies, romantic plays etc.  

4. This new reading culture was followed by a modern technology. In the late 19th century, Western publication methods and mechanical presses were introduced in China as a result of the establishment of Western powers outposts in China.  

5. Thereon, Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture, provisioning to the western school. A gradual shift could now be seen in the method of printing (from hand printing to machine printing).

In Belgium, leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. The Belgian government accommodated its diverse ethnic population in the following manner:

• Constitution says that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central government. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
• Many powers of the Central Government have been given to the state governments, of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central government.
• Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.
• There is a third kind of government, called the ‘community government’. This government is elected by the people belonging to one language community—Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural education and language related issues.
  These arrangements helped to avoid a civic strife between the two major communities and a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.

A nation state is a type of state that joins the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation, from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially its status as a sovereign state.
Nation states emerged after overthrowing monarchy and dynasty rule in Europe.
In a nation state, citizens came to develop a common identity based on shared language, traditions and cutoms.

There was no accommodation done in Srilanka which resulted into civil war

Answer 1 is based on accomodation in Belgium and not srilanka

Ans 1:

When the Belgian leaders recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities, they amended their constitution four times in order to accommodate these differences.
The following are the ways in which Belgium has accommodated the existing regional differences and cultural diversities.

•  Equal number of ministers: The Government of Belgium has equal number of Dutch- and French-speaking ministers. This has been done to give equal power to the majority and the minority language speaking groups.
• Setting up of Community Government: A third kind of government, named the community government, is introduced in addition to the Central and the State Government. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and lingual issues. This government comprises members from all the three communities—Dutch-speaking, French-speaking and German-speaking.
• Fair share of power: Many powers of the Central government have been given to the state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central government but are independent.
• Equal representation: In the State Government of Brussels—the capital city—both the French- and Dutch-speaking communities have equal representation.

Ans 2:

• Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
•  It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order as social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.
•  Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. The concept of democracy is a system of government of the people, by the people and for the people, which emphasizes on distribution of power among people.
•  It involves sharing powers with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effects, so that the people would be consulted on how they are to be governed.

Ans 3 :

Sharing of power makes a country more powerful and united because of the following reasons.

Power sharing ensures that all people have stake in government.
Power sharing ensures maximum participation. It upholds the concept of people’s rule. It always brings better outcomes in democracy. It ensures the political stability in democracy.
Power sharing accommodates diverse groups. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Ans 4:

• Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. The concept of democracy is a system of government of the people, by the people and for the people, which emphasizes on distribution of power among people.
•  It involves sharing powers with those affected by its exercise and who have to live its effects, so that the people would be consulted on how they are to be governed.

Apart from being scarce in nature, resources take millions of years to develop. . Over exploitation of these resources may exhaust them. Judicious use of resources is known as conservation of resources.

The principle of sustainable development should be followed while utilizing resources. Sustainable development can be defined as careful utilisation of resources to meet the requirements of the present generation as well as that of the future generation. Some common ways in which we can conserve resources are

1. To switch off fans and light when not in use

2. To not waste paper

3. To use water carefully

4. To harvest water

5. To reduce consumption, recycle and reuse waste materials

Unification of Germany took place in 1871. The unification process was led by Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia, which was the largest German kingdom. Through a series of victorious wars against Austria and France, which were blocking German unification, Bismarck succeeded in unifying Germany under the Prussian king.
Unification of Italy took place in 1871. This process was under the leadership of the King and Chancellor of Piedmont--Sardinia. The unification process was also marked by wars against Austria. Unification was complete when the Pope lost power over Rome and the Papal states.
Unification of Britian took place in 1707 when the kingdoms of England and Scotland formed an union. These kingdoms were earlier separate although they were ruled by the same monarch from London. With the 1707 alliance, Britain became a united political system.

The main objective of treaty of Vienna was to nullify all the changes that had come into existence during Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty restore its power which had been deposed during the French Revolution. To prevent the expansion of France in future, a number of states were set up on the boundaries of France. The kingdom of Netherland including Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa including Piedmont established in the south.Prussia was given important new territories on the western frontier, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. The German confederation of 39 states which was set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Prussia was given to Russia. The main intention was behind that set up was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe.

Most social differences are based on the accident of birth. For example, people may be tall, strong, weak, girl or boy.
Some social differences emerge because people choose to follow certain practices or principles. For example, a person may be an atheist or may be a feminist. Some people may convert to another religion. 
All social differences do not result in social divisions. Sometimes, even people belonging to different religions may have common interests. 

• The process of transformation of things into resource involves an inter-dependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions.
• Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate the pace of economic development. Human beings are essential components of resources as they transform materials in the environment into resources and use them.

history:

Indo china, Work life, Novel

Geo:

Forest, Water resources

Civics:

Popular struggle, democracy and diversity, challenges to demo

Eco:

Consumer Rights( Project work only)

• SHG is abbreviated as Self Help Groups. 
• As the name suggests the members of this group are benefitted by other persons and also getting employment in banks.
• SHG has 15-20 members in a group.
• The persons in the group are from one neighbourhood who have the habit if saving money.
• Members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs.
• The group charges interest on these loans less than that of moneylenders.
• After a year or two, if the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loans in banks.
• Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group and creates self-employment opportunities for the members.

• Banks are not present everywhere in rural India.
• Even if they are present, getting a loan from a bank is much more difficult than taking a loan
  from informal sources.
• Bank loans require proper documents and a collateral. Absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevents the poor from getting bank loans.
• Informal lenders like moneylenders know the borrower personally and hence, are often willing to give a loan without a collateral.
• The borrowers can, if necessary, approach the moneylender even without repaying their earlier loans.
• However, the moneylenders charge very high rates of interest, keep no records of the transactions and harass the poor borrowers.

The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans. It does that in the following ways:

•The RBI monitors that the banks actually maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive.

•RBI ensures that the banks give loans not just to profit making business and traders but also to small cultivators, small scale industries, small borrowers etc.

•Periodically banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending to whom at what interest rates.

•RBI can pull up any banks if it is flouting the norms and regulations related to lending of loans.