Napoleon Bonaparte was the ruler of France. He was crowned as the king of France in December 1804. He was known as the ‘son of the revolution’. He was an excellent general who recovered he lost territories. He Expanded his kingdoms through wars with Austria , Prussia and Russia between 1805-07. He passed the Napoleonic code in 1805 to simplify the administration. He was defeated very badly by the British General Arthur Wellesley at Waterloo in 1815. He was arrested and sent to the island of Saint Helena where he died in 1821.

Rise of Napoleon:
 In 1799 Napoleon became the first council after overthrowing the role of directory. He acquired numerous powers and even opted for a plebiscite in which 99.9 % people voted for his new administrative system. He not only conquered new areas but also made peace treaties with the enemies. All this proves that he was an able administrator. He implemented many  reforms from 1799 till 1804 which are given as follows :
1. He stopped inflation through the financial reforms.
2. He established the Bank of France.
3. He resolve the long time confrontation with the Pope which was started with the confiscation of Church’s property in 1789. He event declared Catholic religion as a religion of the majority of French people.
4. Later on he introduced the Napoleonic code which became the basis of French legal system in the future.

(1) In Belgium the govt doesn't follow the preferential policies in matters of jobs and education. In Shri Lanka the govt follows preferential policies in matters of govt jobs and educations

(2) In Belgium there is special govt called 'community govt' .In shri Lanka the major political parties are not sensitive to the language and culture of Tamils

(3) In Belgium there is no discrimination between different religions. In Shri Lanka, Buddhism is the official religion

The First World War left a deep imprint on European society and polity.
(i) Soldiers came to be placed above civilians.
(ii) Politicians and publicists laid great success on the need for men to be aggressive, strong and masculine.
(iii) The media glorified trench life but actually soldiers lived miserable lives in these trenches, trapped with rats feeding on corpses.
(iv) They faced poisonous gas and enemy shelling, and witnessed their ranks reduce rapidly.
(v) Aggressive war propaganda and national honour occupied centre stage in the public sphere, while popular support grew for conservative dictatorships that had recently come into being.

(a) Guiseppe Mazzini: He was an Italian revolutionary who played a significant role in promoting the idea of a unified Italian state. He believed that nations were the natural units of mankind, and so Italy (which was then divided into a number of small states and kingdoms) had to be forged into a single unified republic. During the 1830s, he strived to put together a coherent programme for such a unitary Italian Republic. He also set up two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. These societies helped in the dissemination of his ideas.
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour: Of the seven states of Italy, only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. When the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy, the responsibility to establish a unified Italy fell upon this Italian state. King Victor Emmanuel II was its ruler and Cavour was the Chief Minister. Cavour led the movement to unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy. He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in 1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.

Power sharing is desirable because of two main reasons. They are

• Prudential reason: It reduces any chances of conflicts between social groups. By avoiding conflicts, political stability and unity of the country can be maintained. Dictatorship of the majority community can be oppressive for the minority and can even wreck the majority community as well.
• Moral reason: Power sharing is the true spirit of democracy. Every section of community has the right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. Governance should be carried out keeping in mind the larger interests of each section of the community.

1. Gandhiji strongly believed in the power of truth and the idea of Satyagraha. He felt that if the cause of the fight was true and against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
 2. Without the use of aggression, a satyagrahi could appeal to the conscience of the oppressor and persuade him to see the truth, instead of forcing him to accept it through the use of violence. Therefore, the truth was ultimately bound to succeed.
3. After observing the divide in the nationalist movement amongst various communities and groups in India, he made attempts to unite the people of India through the dharma of ahimsa i.e. nonviolence.

A state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare.

Alluri sitaram raju

Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region.

• Overpopulation: Water scarcity may be an outcome of a large and growing population which results in greater demand for water and unequal access to it.
• Commercialisation of agriculture: After the success of the Green Revolution farmers are producing commercial crops. The commercial crops need more water for irrigation.
• Urbanisation: Urbanisation is another factor for scarcity of water. Since new lifestyles have developed in the urban cities overexploitation of water continues; there is water scarcity.

• One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power.
• In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-governance.
• In a democracy, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society.
• Everyone has a voice in the shaping up of public policies.

1. Power sharing in simple words is sharing of responsibility & powers among different organ of government.
2. Power sharing is a strategy for resolving disputes over who should have the powerful position in the social hierarchy.

This statement was told my Ganghi ji. India's great moral leader Mohandas Gandhi famously said that there is enough on Earth for everybody's need,but not enough for everybody's greed.