The impact of Rowlatt Satyagrah on political situation in India was immense. Gandhi organised Rowlatt Satyagrah against the Rowlatt Act which gave enormous power to the government to suppress the political activities of Indian leaders.

In opposition of the Act, protests and rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strikes in railway workshops, and shops closed down. The British government tried to suppress the nationalist activity brutally. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. After attacks on post offices and railways, martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command. Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on April 13, 1919. This incident shocked the entire nation. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.

Thus, we can say that the Rowlatt Satyagrah led to an increase in nationalist activities of people in the country

a. The French Revolution challenged absolute monarchy and established France as a Republic, the revolution also popularized the ideas of liberty , equality and fraternity. This became an example for other states in Europe.
b. The revolutionaries used various symbols like flag, ideas of fatherland to instill a sense of collective identity among the people.
c. The French revolution was the first expression of the feeling of nationalism in Europe. The revolutionaries further declared their mission to liberate Europe from despotism.
d. It was through the role of French army, by the activities and campaigns carried out by Jacobin.

Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The democratically elected government adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.

1. In 1956, an Act was passed to make Sinhala as the official language.
2. The government followed preferential policies favouring Sinhala applicants for University positions and government jobs.
3. The constitution provided for State protection for Buddhism.

Language played a very important role in the creation of national Identity. Grimm brothers, namely Jacob and Wilhelm Grim, born in Hanau, a German city, wrote ‘Fairy Tales’ which became popular among children and adults. They brought the folktales to the public through their creations in German language which encouraged the feelings of the people to achieve freedom of the press.
The Grimm brothers tried to oppose French domination that was a danger to German culture. They did a lot of work for the development of German language and creation of German Nationality in reference to identity. They also published a 33 volume dictionary of German language which was also a wider effort to oppose French domination.
Poems, music, stories, folk songs, folk dances, etc are means that create the idea of a nation. Besides it they help to express and form national feelings through the creation of shared heritage and common culture.
Collective identity among the French people was created by the French revolutionaries by discouraging local dialects and encouraging French. Use of vernacular language in Poland became helpful in dissemination of modern nationalist feelings among the large illiterate population. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. Due to some reasons, Polish came in use for church gathering and preaching and in due course, Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian domination.

Power sharing keeps up with the 'Spirit' of Democracy as:
(i) Power sharing ensures that all people have a stake in government.
(ii) Power sharing ensures maximum participation. It upholds the concept of people's rule. It always brings better outcomes in democracy. It ensures the political stability in democracy.
(iii) Power sharing accommodates diverse groups. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

The arrangement that the Belgium leaders worked out is different from any other country and is very innovative. Some basic elements of the Belgium model of power sharing are

1. Belgian Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally:
2. Many powers have been given to the State Governments because the State Governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
3. Brussels has a separate government, in which both the communities have equal representation.
4. There is a third type of government- ‘Community Government’ which is elected by people belonging to one language community (may be Dutch, French and German) and has the power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.
5. In Belgium, the government does not follow preferential policies in matters of jobs and education.
6. In Belgium , there is a special government called community government to look after the cultural ,educational and language related issues.
7. Belgium government tried to protect and foster all the languages spoken by the people.

A resource is a main source or supply from which a benefit is produced and it has some utility.

This statement implies that human beings are overusing the natural resources of the Earth in the name of development. Earth provides enough resources to meet the needs of all but today’s man has become so greedy  that he for his progress and development he resorts to activities like deforestation, unsustainable fuel wood and fodder extraction, shifting cultivation encroachment into forest lands, indiscriminate use of agro -chemicals, extraction of groundwater in excess of recharge capacity, etc.

• Nepal became a constitutional Monarchy in 1990 by which king remained the head of the state and the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives.
• King Birendra accepted this transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy was killed in a mysterious massacre to the royal family in 2001.
• In February 2005, the king Gyanindra, dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament.
• All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital.
• This protest soon turned into an indefinite strike in which MAOIST insurgents and various organizations join hands.
• The leaders of the movement rejected the half hearted concessions made by the king. They stuck to their demands for restoration of parliament, power to an all party government and a new constituent assembly.
• On 24th April 2006, the last day of ultimatum, the king was forced to concede all three demands.
• The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government. The restored parliament met and passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.

Liberal Nationalism stood for many things- individual freedom, equality before the law, representative government & constitution as well as the inviolability of private property.

Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere:

1. Liberalism stood for freedom of markets. They wanted to remove all restrictions of state on the movement of goods and capital.

2. Napoleon’s regime had created different currencies, weights, measures and customs duties for each state. Liberalists wanted a unified economic territory.

3. A customs union from Prussia that was joined by many German states removed all tariffs and reduced the currencies from thirty to two.

4. The economic nationalism and unification further contributed to the nationalist sentiments.

In 1916 Mahatma Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

The Human Development Index HDI is defined as the composite statistics used to rank countries by levels of human development. The HDI is a measure of health, education and income. It measures the average achievements in a country in these three basic dimensions of human development, calculated into an index.

• Health - Life expectancy at birth
• Education - expected years schooling for school-age children and average years of schooling in the adult population
• Income - measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

Power sharing keeps up with the 'spirit' of Democracy as:

1. Power sharing ensures that all people have a stake in government.
2. Power sharing ensures maximum participation and upholds the concept of people's rule. It always brings better outcomes in democracy. It ensures political stability in democracy.
3. Power sharing accommodates diverse groups and helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
4. A democratic government is chosen by the people. So, they have the right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where groups, through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

The communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India in the following ways—  
(a) In Sariska Tiger Reserve Rajasthani villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. In many areas villagers themselves are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting government involvement.  
(b) The famous Chipko Movement launched by the woman of Chamoli in Uttarakhand saved more than 12000 sq km area of forests just by hugging the trees when the lumberjacks attempted to cut them.  
(c) Many states have launched the Joint Forest Management Programme to involve local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. Odisha was the first state to launch this programme.  
(d) The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared about 1200 hectares of forest area as the 'Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri'. The community has declared their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.

Effects of socialism on Nationalist movement in India are as follows:-

• There was witnessed a substantial growth within the congress for socialist ideas in 1930s. This led to the greatest economic depression. Later on this also spread to a vast region in the country.
• It further led to more number of unemployment within the mass scale. The depression era further managed to affect the capitalist system forcing Marxism, economic planning and socialism to flourish. The ideas were more of interest to peasants, youth workers and younger generations.
• The wages for workers were further reduced by the employers. More number of peasants demanded for more land forms, lower rent and land revenue. They also demanded relief from all their past indebtedness.
• Factory and plantation workers further demanded much better working conditions and wages by formation of trade unions. 
• Later in 1936 it led to the formation of All India Farmers Union and forced more number of peasants to participate in the national movements.

• A bank is an institution which accepts deposits from public for the purpose of lending and investment .
• As the progress of business activity is fully linked with the credit system of a country bank credit helps business to fulfil their needs for raw materials , working capital etc.
• Banks also help the farmers and poor who are in need of money and the increase in the income of all these people increase the national income.
• Therfore, banks play an important role in the economy of a country through credit.