1. Increase of Indian Share in world export:- With the process of globalisation, the Indian share in world export has increased. Indian goods and services in India for the decade of 1990-2000 has increased by 125%. In 1990, the Indian share in the world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which increased up to 0.75% in 1999.
2. Foreign investment in India:- Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalisation because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995-96 up to 2000-01 it has increased by 53% and during this time, 500 crores annually has been invested in India.
3. Foreign Exchange Reserves:- Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991, foreign exchange reserves in India was 1 Billion Dollars which was enough to fulfil the needs of the country for only two weeks. After this, India adopted new economic policies, Globalisation and liberalisation were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve increased very quickly. Now our foreign exchange reserve in near to 280 Billion Dollars.
4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product:- Because of globalisation, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country has increased. In 1980, it was 5.63% which increased to 5.80% in 1990. At present, it is around 5%.
5. Increase in unemployment:- Because of globalisation, unemployment in India has increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, economic problem came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malaysia and it come because of globalisation. That’s why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below the poverty line. At the start of 1990’s, the rate of unemployment was 6% which increased up to 7% in 2000.
6. Impact on Agriculture:- The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of country is 29%. But it is 2% in U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labour force then India’s 69% labour force is related with agricultural functions but labour force in agricultural sector in U.S.A. and U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future, it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O. This time will be challenging for India.

Most of the water that we get as rainfall just flows away. This is a waste of precious natural resource. The rain water can be used to recharge the ground water. This is referred to as water harvesting or rain water harvesting.

Two bases of measuring development of a country are:

1. Average or per capita income. This is the total income of a country divided by its population.
2. National income and public facilities. This is the total value of all the goods and services produced within a country plus the net income from abroad during a year.

1. Improvement in the literacy rate of women:- No one was taking care of education of women before independence but Indian Government has taken many steps to uplift the level of education among women after independence. That is why the level of education among women has been increased to a great extent. Government has arranged free education for girls, given them the scholarships, arranged for free books so that the people could send their girl child to schools to get education. In this way, education has slowly spread among women and their level and standard of education has started to increase. Now, girls are getting higher education in every sector.
2. Industrialisation:- Industries started to develop very quickly after independence. Females came out of the four walls of the house, due to education, and started to go out for work which has resulted in lifting the restrictions upon her. Females have started to work in offices with males with which the restrictions of caste system have come to an end. Love marriages started to increase due to her interaction with others. Their economic dependence upon males decreased due to her own earning capability which has resulted in the improvement in her condition.
3. Western culture:- India has come in direct contact with western countries after independence because of which their cultures and ideas also came to our country. Females came to know about their rights and freedom because of which their ideology started to change. That is why females now are standing with males in every sector. Now, working women have become economically self dependent and a sense of equality, with males, has developed in them. Many women movements were also started because of which consciousness came among them and changes have come in their status.
4. Inter-caste marriages:- Hindu Marriage Act was passed in 1955 which has given the legal sanction to inter-caste marriages. Females have started to work in offices due to the spread of education. She has come in contact with other castes due to her job. Love marriages and inter-caste marriages increased very quickly which has resulted in the change in ideology of the people. That is why her status rose in the eyes of general public and she started to get more respect due to her economic self dependence. In this way, the custom of dowry decreased due to inter-caste marriages and her position started to change in society.

Organic farming is a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones.`

The difference between national and international resources is all the resources within the boundaries of a country are called national resources.example:minerals,roads,rails,within the boundary of the country are national resources.whereas international resources means the resources which belong to all the countries of the world.example: water,seas and oceans etc.

Agenda is a list of items to be discussed at a formal meeting.

The Hoa Hao movement was started as an expression of Vietnamese opposition to French colonial rule. It took inspiration from the religious ideas popular during the 19th century anti French uprisings. The aim of the movement was to oppose useless public expenditure by the French colonial regime, opposition to the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of opium and alcohol.

• Mahatma Gandhi discovered salt was a common ingredient in the food of both rich and poor. He viewed the tax on salt and the monopoly of the Government on its production as downright oppressive.
•  On 31st January 1930, he sent a letter to Lord Irwin stating eleven wide ranging demands of various classes of India. The launch of Civil Disobedience was also stated.
•  On refusal to negotiate by the British, Mahatma Gandhi launched a salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat.
•  On 6th April Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Following are three important causes of the Non-cooperation Movement:

Khilafat Movement - The treatment meted out by the British government to the Caliph of Turkey disturbed the Indian Muslims as he was seen as their religious head. As a result, they started the Khilafat Movement under the leadership of the Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, Hasrat Mohani, etc. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to achieve the much desired Hindu-Muslim unity and made efforts to make common cause with the Khilafat leaders. He was elected as the President of the All-India Khilafat Conference in 1919 and advised the Khilafat Committee to adopt a policy of non-cooperation with the British government. The Khilafat leaders agreed and campaigned accordingly. Thus, the Khilafat Movement furthered the cause of the Non-cooperation Movement.

Rowlatt Act - The Rowlatt Act of 1919 authorised the British government to arrest and imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court. The authorities could arrest an Indian without a warrant and could conduct his trial in seclusion. Also, the Act implied severe restrictions on movements of individuals and suspension of the Right of Habeas Corpus. This was seen as a major breach of trust by Indians who were expecting the British to deliver on their promise of providing self-government. Gandhiji appealed to the Viceroy to withhold his consent to the Act but his plea fell on deaf ears.

Jalianwala Bagh Tragedy - The Jalianwala Bagh massacre and the subsequent British reaction to it was a watershed event in the Indian freedom struggle. It led to a huge furor all over the country and hardened the Congress resolve to attain self government.

Averages are used to compare different countries, states, or regions. Since countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
Averages have many limitations.

•  They don’t give us the true picture regarding the distribution of income.
•  Averages don’t give us any information regarding the non-materialistic goods and services.

Limitations of Average Income
While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities.
For example let us consider two countries- A and B. For the sake of simplicity, we have assumed that they have only five citizens each. Based on the data given in the table, let us calculate the average income for both the countries.

1. The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. Many of them are drop puts because parents prefer to spend their resources for the education of their boys rather than equally on both boys and girls.
2. The proportion of women among highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average, an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore not valued.
3. Although, the Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid for equal work. However, in most areas, from sports and cinema to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
4. In many parts of India, parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. Such sexselective abortion has led to a significant decline in the child ***-ratio (no. of girl children per thousand boys) in the country to merely 927.
 5. There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation, and violence against women. They are not even safe within their own homes from beating, harassment and other forms of domestic violence.

Tertiary sector has become important in India because :
(i) Basic services like hospitals, education, post and telegraph, courts, etc. are the responsibility of the government in developing countries.
(ii) Demand for services such as transport, trade, storage will increase with the development of primary and secondary sectors.
(iii) Demand for tourism, shopping, private schools, private hospitals, etc. increases with the increase in the level of income.
(iv) Rapid growth of services sector also benefitted from external demand such as software industry and call centre services.
(v) Liberalisation of financial sector provided an environment for faster growth of financial services.

Indian National Congress (INC) espouses secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities. Four features of the party:
1. It was found in 1885 and is one of the oldest parties in the world.
2. It was the major party post-Independence both at the national and state level for many years.
3. It is neither rightist nor leftist in its ideological orientation so it is a centrist party.
4. Its support declined after 1989 but it remains to be present throughout the country.

(i) Modern form of democracies also need representatives from various political parties to form the government and to keep a check on the ruling party by being in opposition.
(ii) Without political parties, there would be chaos and turmoil in the society.
(iii) Existence of political parties in a representative democracy ensures that the country runs as per its policies and ideologies and has a responsive and accountable government that is answerable to the people.
(iv) Without political parties, candidates elected will be independent, will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality.
(v) Political parties are required so that a country is governed as per set ideologies and will be responsible for how the country will be run.

Besides caste, there are other factors which do matter in electoral politics. These are

(i) The voters have strong attachment to political parties which is often stronger than their attachment to their caste or community.

(ii) People within the same community have different interests depending on their economic status. Rich and poor, men and women from the same caste often vote very differently.

(iii) People’s own assessment of the performance of the government vis-a-vis the performance of the candidate for the development of his own constituency are often decisive factors in elections.

Two reforms inroduced by Napoleaon Bonaparte were:

• He abolished privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property
• He introduced uniform systems of weights and measures

International tourism refers to traveling around the world...or can be refered as traveling out of the country under one tourism agency..

Major items of export are spices and paddy

Major items of import are spare parts of machines and continental fruits

Five major problems faced by the road transport in India are
(i) Road network is inadequate in India.
(ii) About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season.
(iii) The roadways are highly congested in cities.
(iv) Most of the bridges are old and narrow.
(v) Disrespect to the traffic rules is the major problem. Citizen have casual attitude towards traffic rules, which leads to accidents causing traffic jams.