Peter Norman, a white Australian who was against racial discrimination wanted to show his support for equal human rights. So he wore a human rights badge and supported Carlos and Smith.

A penny chap books is an early type of popular literature printed in early modern Europe. produced cheaply, chapbooks were commonly small, paper covered booklets, usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8, 12, 16 and 24 pages. they were often illustrated with crude woodcuts, which sometimes bore no relation to the text. when illustration were included in chapbooks, they were considered popular prints.

Between 1970 to 1993 the constitution of Belgium constitution was amended for four times.

World bank prepares a report on the basis of per capita income only . It is a narrow concept as World bank takes into account only the income which does not tell every thing about a nation.
On the other hand UNDP takes education health life expectancy etc as the base of its report. Hence it is a broad concept as it accounts for all the important components of human development.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has used the criterion of Human Development Index to measure the development of countries. HDI is calculated on the basis of:

• Per capita income : When the total national income of the country is divided by its population, we get the per capita income.
• Life expectancy: It measures the average age of a person in a country. It helps us to know the health facilities of the country.
• Literacy rate: Education is also one of the most important criteria for the development of a country.
• Gross enrolment ratio: It measures the education gained at three levels—at the primary, secondary and higher education level.
  Per capita income is also calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared easily. HDI has been calculated for about 177 countries. According to it, the rank of India is 134 and the rank of Sri Lanka is 97, which is much better than that of India. We are required to make progress in the education and health sectors as yet.

• Napoleon, introduced a number of reforms in the territories he conquered. He had introduced revolutionary principles in administration.
• In 1804 the Civil Code, also called Napoleonic Code, was introduced with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
• The aim of the code was to reform the society, in areas such as family, property, civil procedure etc. Soon the Code spread to all territories under French control.
• Administration was simplified, feudal system was abolished and serfs were freed in the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany.
• Transport and communication systems improved. Artisans, peasants, workers and new businessmen enjoyed the new-found freedom.
• Businessmen and small-scale producers learnt that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a common national currency would help in trading goods.  

Multi-purpose river valley projects are meant to tackle various problems associated with river valleys in an integrated manner.
The objectives of Multi-purpose river valley projects are :
(i) to control flood.
(ii) check soil erosion.
(iii) provide water for irrigation.
(iv) water for drinking purposes.
(v) generate electricity for industries, villages and cities.
(vi) provide inland navigation.
(vii) encourage tourism and recreation.
(viii) preservation of wildlife.
(ix) development of fisheries.
Examples: Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, Kosi, Chambal, etc.

(i) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848, tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state.
(ii) From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister (Chancellor) Otto von Bismarck, the architect of this process, carried it out,with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
(iii) Three wars were fought over a span of seven years against Austria, Denmark and France,which ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
(iv) In January 1871, the Prussian King William I was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. On 18 January, 1871, the new German empire headed by Kaiser Wilhelm of Prussia was proclaimed.

Hind Swaraj was written by Mahatma Gandhi in which he outlined the following:
a. Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of  Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation.
b. He believed  that we need to paralyze and cripple the British administration and to make them realize that they cannot function without the active support of the Indians.
c. He talked of self rule.
d. In his book he outlined, that Indians must win their battle through non violence and satyagraha.
e. The book also criticized Western civilization and English education which Gandhiji believed has enslaved us.
f. Emphasized on swadeshi and boycott methods.

 

Public sector activities are those activities which are set up by government for welfare and benefit of whole society ,not for an individual. Every one is allowed to access public services.

Some examples of the public sector activities, which are taken up by government of India in most of the states are -

★ Government Hospitals - Government Hospitals provide medicinal and treatment facilities at a lower rate as compared to private hospitals, so that even the poorer section of society can have access to good healthcare services.

★ Military and police - They are meant for protection of country and maintenance of law and order in our country . These job provides employment opportunities to many people and is beneficial for society too.

★ Government Schools - They provide education facilities to poorer people who can't afford good education facilities for their children and is available for all and it also gives employment opportunities to unemployed people.

★ Elected officials - Those who work for government are themselves example of public sector as they work for people only and their working ensures proper functioning of our country and its benefits are for whole society, not for an single individual.

Government has set up many public sector activities to ensure that each and every person of society can live well and they don't face any problems and at affordable prices and sometimes public facilities are free of cost also (Eg- Street lighting) . As the citizen of India , we must use the public services properly and we should not misuse public facilities .

As we all belong to more than one social group so, we have different identities in different contexts like;
(i) people belonging to the same religion feel that they do not belong to the same community, becasue their caste or sect, is very different.
(ii) Sometimes, it is also apparant for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other.
(iii) At the same time, rich and poor persons from the same family offen do not keep close relations with each other for they feel they are very different.

Non-cooperation movement spread in cities:
 1. Middle-class participation like in educational institutions. Students left the government-controlled institutions. Teachers and lawyers resigned from their jobs.
2. In most of the provinces, council elections were boycotted. But in Madras, the Justice party of non-Brahmans did not do so because they wanted power.
3. All foreign goods were boycotted including foreign cloth and liquor.
Economic effects:
1. The import of foreign cloth became half by 1922 because its demand had drastically fallen.
2. Merchants and traders refused to handle foreign goods or finance in many places.
3. Indian textile mills' and handlooms' demand grew as Indian clothes were now in huge demand.

Sustainable development means that a development should meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
The issue of sustainable development has emerged from rapid industrialisation of the world in the past century. It is felt that the economic growth and industrialisation have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources. Sustainability promotes a rational use of natural resources.
The earth has enough non-renewable resources to meet our present and future needs for development if we use them in an economic manner. But, if we use them recklessly in the greed of rapid economic development, our world may become a vast waste land.

The different forms of power sharing in modern democracies are:

• Horizontal Distribution of Power: The power is shared among the different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Example: The distribution of power between Indian Parliament (legislature), the council of ministers headed by chief ministers (executive) and Courts of India.
• Vertical Distribution of Power: The power is shared among governments at different levels– a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example: In India, power is shared among Central government, State government and local governments.
•  Distribution of Power among different Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups.Example: ‘Community Government’ in Belgium.
• Distribution of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements: Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements control or influence those who are in power. Different political parties contest elections for power which ensures that power does not remain in one hand and shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Pressure groups and movements influence the decision making process.

• The First World War Forced recruitment of soldiers bred resentment in villages.
• The First World War created a new economic and political situation by leading to huge expenditures in defence which were to be financed by increasing taxes and raising custom duties.
• Crop failures and spread of influenza epidemic led to widespread hardships.
• Muslims were disenchanted with the treatment meted out to Ottoman Empire by the imperial powers. This led to a groundswell of support for non-cooperation.
• The business classes reacted against policies that restricted their business.

Indians were out raged by Rowlatt act because:
1: this law stated that that the govt can arrest the political leaders without any trail for 2years
2: political leaders were taken from Amritsar 3:Gandhi was not allowed to enter Delhi 4:martial law was imposed .

(i) As per the World Bank Report 2012 any country with per capita income of US$ 12,276 per annum and above is termed as rich or developed country. ‘
(ii) Such countries have high literacy rate.
(iii) Most of the people of these countries are engaged in service sector.