An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Proto-industrialization refers to the earliest phase of industrialisation, whereproduction was mainly done by hands. It was controlled by merchants or trade guilds having a monopoly over production and trade. Household members carried out the production process. The production units were set up in the countryside. 

1. In the 17th and 18th centuries, merchants from towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to the peasants and artisans, to produce for the international market.
2. It was a period when open fields were disappearing and commons were fenced. Poor peasants, who were earlier dependent on common land, had to find a new way of survival. When merchants offered advances, they readily agreed.
3. Many had a tiny plot of land which could not provide work to all the members of the family. It supplemented their incomes. By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots which supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. 
4. They could now remain in the villages, retain their production on land and produce for the merchants also.
5. The whole family was engaged in production work which further increased their earnings.

By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization in India. These are explained in the following points:

1. Effect of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement: As the swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
2. Aim of industrial groups: Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interests. They pressurized the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
3. Decline of exports to China: From 1906, the export of Indian yarn to China declined as produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese markets. Thus, the industrialist in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
4. Result of First World War: Till the First World War, industrial growth was slow. The war created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years, industrial production boomed.

A mark that notes that each product bearing the mark meets the requirements of the standards applicable to the product.

The Frankfurt Parliament failed to achieve its goal because the King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm IV refused to accept the crown.

Wolfe tone was a leading Irish revolutionary figure and one of the founding members of the United Irish men and is regarded as the father of Irish republicanism.

• The Treaty of Constantinople is  the treaty that recognized Greece as an independent nation.
• The treaty took place in the year 1832.

Zollverein, German word for customs union, established by Prussia in the 19th century. In 1818 Prussia began trying to create a customs union that would include other German states. Central and southern German states feared Prussian domination and formed rival unions, but these unions had little success in attracting members. In 1834 Prussia formally established the Zollverein, and within seven years it included most of the German states. The Zollverein levied tariffs on goods coming into the member states and distributed the income from the tariffs among the states according to their populations. The economic cooperation that the Zollverein created among the German states paved the way for their political unification in 1871.

Rainwater harvesting is a method of utilizing rainwater for domestic and agriculture use. It is already widely used throughout the world. The obectives of rainwater harvesting are:

1. It has become a widely-accepted technique of providing potable water in development projects all over the world.
2. Rainwater harvesting is done for storing rainwater in containers above or below the ground.
3. Rainwater harvesting is done for charging into soil for withdrawal later.

 (a) India is a tropical country, therefore it receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year.
(b) Solar plant can be easily established in rural and remote areas.
(c) It will minimize the dependence of rural households, firewood and dung cakes which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate quantity of manure.

•     The Growth of Modern nationalism was connected to the anti-colonial movement. The sense of being controlled under colonialism provided a shared bond.
•     Introduction of the modern means of transportation especially the railways created a sense of equality among the people.
•     Political unification of the country under the British also played a very important role in awakening the spirit of nationalism.
•     Formation of the Indian National Congress and other political organizations also provided the people a common platform.The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi tried to unite these groups together within one movement.

Satyagraha is derived from the Sanskrit word 'satya' and 'agraha' which means the path followed by the truth. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth. It suggested that if the cause was true and struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

This is a type of agriculture which involves growing and processing of a single cash crop purely meant for sale. Rubber, tea, coffee, spices, coconut and fruits are some of the important crops which come under the category of plantation agriculture.
Features :
(i) It is a single crop farming.
(ii) It is a capital intensive farming, i.e., a huge amount of capital is required.
(iii) It needs vast estates, managerial ability, technical know-how, sophisticated machinery, fertilisers, good transport facilities and a factory for processing.
(iv) This type of agriculture has developed in areas of north-eastern India, Sub-Himalayan region, West Bengal and Nilgiri.

(i) In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the hearts of the middle-class Germans.
(ii) They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous German states.
(iii) Prussia soon became the leader of German unification movement.
(iv) Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy.
(v) The unification process was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years time.
(vi) In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Sustainable development is the prudent and judicious use of resources in such a way that even future generations are able to use it.
Sustainable development is essential for economic development as we have limited quantity of resources. Firstly, the development and growth of the country will be hampered if the present limited resources are totally exhausted.
Secondly, the exhaustion of natural resources will endanger the lives of humans and many species if we do not follow the principle of sustainable development. For example, if water is overutilised and wasted, then it will not be replenished by the rains. We need to keep the stock of natural resources for future use too.

Congress reluctant in participation of women:

1. Congress was keen only on the symbolic presence of women within the organization.

2. Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives.

Participation of women in Civil Disobedience Movement:

1. During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in protest marches.

2. Manufactured salt and picketed liquor shops.

3. Boycotted foreign goods.

4. Many went to jail.

5. Women were from high caste families and from rich peasant households participated.

6. Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to nation as a sacred duty of women.