1.  The participation of the individual members in the government facilitates to enlist their sympathy and co - operation to the success of the government.
2.  It is an effective form to educate the public about political, economic and social affairs.
3. It is helpful to promote patriotism among the people and prevents the occurrence of violent revolutions.
4. It helps to make progress and development and enables changes to take place in a peaceful manner.
5.  It ensures the people freedom of speech, conscience, assembly and action.
6. It guarantees liberty and equality, which are necessary for human development.

1. The need for tertiary is increasing as there is more need of services like financial institutions, educational institutions etc. in Indian economy.

2. The tertiary sector accounts for most of the national and per capita income of India.

3. The tertiary sector created huge employment even for the uneducated and unskilled workers.

4. The tertiary sector is responsible to distribute its services and goods to different consumers.

Features of Federalism:

1. There are two or more levels of government.
2. Different levels of government govern the same citizens, where each level has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3. Existence and authority of each level of government is constitutionally governed.
4. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
5. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution. The highest court acts as the umpire if any dispute arises between different levels of government.
6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

The civil code of 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code was enacted on March 21, 1804. It was one of the most important code of those times because institutionalised equalilty under law i.e. it ruled out privileges to people that were based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and stated that only the most qualified would be entitled to government jobs.

The female figures as an allegory of the nation:

• Artists found a way out to represent a country in the form of a person.
• Then nations were portrayed as female figures.
• The female figure was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life.
• It gave the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
• Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
• During the French Revolution artists used the formal allegory to portray idea such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.

• The female figures as an allegory of the nation:
• Artists found a way out to represent a country in the form of a person.
• Then nations were portrayed as female figures.
• The female figure was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life.
• It gave the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
• Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
• During the French Revolution artists used the formal allegory to portray idea such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.

Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. Usually, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest. The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state. Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of the other.

The Democracy as per Abraham Lincoln is " government of the people,by the people,and for the people".People choose their representatives who are concerned about their welfare with out people their will be no democracy and the same democracy is made possible through votes cast by the people,so ultimate power lies within people's hands. 

Unification of Germany took place in 1871. The unification process was led by Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia, which was the largest German kingdom. Through a series of victorious wars against Austria and France, which were blocking German unification, Bismarck succeeded in unifying Germany under the Prussian king.

Unification of Italy took place in 1871. This process was under the leadership of the King and Chancellor of Piedmont--Sardinia. The unification process was also marked by wars against Austria. Unification was complete when the Pope lost power over Rome and the Papal states.

Unification of Britian took place in 1707 when the kingdoms of England and Scotland formed an union. These kingdoms were earlier separate although they were ruled by the same monarch from London. With the 1707 alliance, Britain became a united political system.

Yes, the army be the architect of a nation

• German nation was a confederation of states before it's unification.
• After the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament now the work of unification was on the shoulders of Otto Von Bismarck.
• Otto von Bismarck was the chief minister of Germany. He used army and bureucracy for the process of unification.
• Seven wars in three years with France, Italy and Germany ended with Prussian victory and the process of unification was completed.
• In 1871, Kaiser William I, the Prussian king, was crowned as the king of unified germany at a ceremony in Versailles.

The French people who lived in Vietnam were called or known as 'colons'. French colons were the colonial settlers of Vietnam.French colons were the colonial settlers of Vietnam , then also known as Cochinchina.

In the 18th and 19th-century, artists began personifying a nation in an allegory. Germania was the female figure personifying German nation. In the figure, she wears the crown of oak leaves which stands for Heroism.

The Act Of Union 1707

The Junkers were members of the landed nobility in Prussia. They owned great estates that were maintained and worked by peasants with few rights.

Junkers were the land owners in Prussia and they dispute against the Prussian government.

1. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. Born in Genoa in 1807, he become a member of the secret society of the carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguri.
2. He subsequently founded two more underground societies first, young Italy in Marseilles, and then, young Europe in Berne.
3. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural unit of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nation.

Otto von Bismarck

(i) The responsibility of German unification was taken by Ottovan Bismarck, the chief minister of Prussia. (ii) Otto von Bismarck was the chief architect of German unification. (iii) Three wars over seven years- with Austria, Denmark and France, ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. (iv) In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. (v) The nation building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power.

 Intermediate goods. All goods which are used (i) as raw material for further production of other goods, or (ii) for resale in the same year are known as intermediate goods. Such goods are purchased by one firm from the other for use as raw material or for resale.

It needs to be noted that no good is always final or intermediate because it is the use made of the good which makes it final or intermediate. Let us consider manufacturing of biscuits. Biscuits are final goods but flour, milk, sugar, salt, fuel, etc. used in making biscuits are intermediate goods. Similarly cloth purchased by the household for the daily use is a final good but acquired by dress makers for making dresses is an intermediate good. Likewise bread when purchased by a household is a final good but purchased by bakery for making pattis is an intermediate good.

As colonial power gained control over Indian trade, the scope of business for Indian merchants become limited. They we are not allowed to trade with Europe in manufactured goods. They were are allowed to export only raw materials and food grains like cotton, opium, wheat and Indigo which where required by British. Indian merchant even thrown out of shipping business.

The problems faced by the Indian weaves were:
1. Their export market collapsed.
2. The local market was flooded with Manchester goods. 


By the 1960s Indian weavers faced a problem. American Civil War started and cotton supplies from US was stopped.

The Khilafat issue gave him the opportunity to bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform. The Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First World War. There were rumours about a harsh peace treating likely to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor; who was the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). A Khilafat committed was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa. This committee had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to take up the cause to build a united mass action. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, the resolution was passed to launch a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and also for swaraj.