In overlapping social division there are some gap between upper and lower section of the society. This gap may resulted in depression between different social groups.

In cross cutting social division there are both rich and poor people related to both upper and lower section of society. In this type of social division there are very less conflict between the different social groups..

Gandhiji believed that the British empire in India could survive as long as the local people were cooperating with foreign rule. Non-cooperating with the British government was to weaken it and also to protest against the same. Following points explain how it was a protest:

1. Non-coperation movement came along with the Khilafat movement, The British has not seen Hindu Muslim unity of this level ever in history. The protest of the people was unified cutting across communities and at great scale.
2. People boycotted the pillars and symbols of British rule, courts, colleges and government offices. Lawyers stopped going to courts and students stayed away from colleges. At many places, alternate arrangements were done to solve litigations out of court. Further many education institutions were established by the leaders of freedom struggle where students can study. One of them is Jamia Millia University in Delhi which exits today as one of the most reputed seats of higher education in India.
3. People boycotted tax collection also and they refused to pay taxes.

Thus, non-cooperation was a kind of protest too.

India's consumer activism

Three factors responsible for the migration of indentured labour from India were

1. Decline of cottage industries and the increase in the rents of the lands forced the indentured labour to migrate from India.
2. The colonial government cleared land for mining and establishing plantation industry. Many people thus lost their land.
3. Many poor and tribal people migrated from India in order to escape poverty and oppression in their home villages.

Factors responsible for growth of nationalism in India are :

1.  Colonial oppressive and exploitative policies of the British.

2.  Growth of modern western education and influence of western philosophy and political thought.

3. Modern Vernacular press also played an important role in arousing nationalism among people.

4.  Political and administrative uniformity under British was another factor.

5.  Development of modern means of transport and communication like railways brought people together and created bond among them.

6.  Revival of past glory and heritage.

7.  Socio-Religious reform movements.

8.  Economic exploitation and drain of wealth was another major factor responsible for growth of nationalism in India.

Ethnic composition of Belgium ----
Belgium is a small country in northwest Europe. there are two main languages : Dutch and French. 59% of the population speak Dutch. French is spoken by 40 % of the population. less than 1% of people speak German.....
Ethnic composition of Sri Lanka ---
Sri Lanka is an island nation. it has been a center of Buddhist religion. it is a multi religion and multi ethnic nation. the Sinhalese community forms around 74% sri lankan Tamils are 13%. English spoken by approximately 10% of the population.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoe in 1807. Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had become a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At a young age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He, subsequently, founded two underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set-up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republic frightened the conservatives. Metternich (monarch rule of Austria) described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of existing social order’.

1.  Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

2. The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution.

3. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.

4. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government.

5. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

6. The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversity.

The first ruler of Vietnam was Hung Vuong, who founded the nation in 2879 B.C.

• Independent states come together on their own to form a bigger unit, it is known as Coming together federalism.
• In this kind of federation, the central government tends to be more powerful vis-à-vis the States.
• The central government ensures the sovereignty of the country.
• Example: India and Spain

Revolutionaries spread the idea in Europe after 1815 in the following ways:

1. The autocratic rule after 1815 had caused fear of repression so the liberal-nationalists started to work underground.
2. They established many secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
3. They opposed monarchical forms of governments that were established after the Vienna Congress.
4. They fought for liberty and freedom and thought the creation of nation-state as a necessary part of their struggle for freedom.
5. Being a revolutionary was a commitment to struggle for liberty and freedom and they considered nation states necessary for it to happen. 
6. They formed secret societies to spread ideas and train revolutionaries. For eg, Giuseppe Mazzini founded secret societies like Young Italy and Young Europe for the unification of fragmented Italy.
7. Following Mazzini’s model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
8. Liberalism and nationalism brought revolution in many regions of Europe like the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland, Poland besides Italy and Germany.

Karnataka is the largest coffee production state in the country, accounts for nearly 71 per cent. Chikmagalur, Kodagu and Hassan districts of Karnataka are major coffee producer regions of the state.

Otto Von Bismarck was the conservative Chancellor of the erstwhile state of Prussia. He was opposed to the ideology of liberalism and believed in the policy of ‘the ruler and the ruled’. He later became famous for his ‘blood and iron’ policy - the strategy of war and diplomacy. In 1861, the king of Prussia William I appointed Bismarck as his chief minister. Thenceforth, Bismarck followed a policy of aggression and compromise with the other European powers. He waged wars against Denmark, Austria and France and played a pivotal role in the establishment of the German Empire.

Right to Be Informed: A consumer has the right to have correct information about a product. There are rules which make it mandatory to mention ingredients and safety features on the pack of a product. Proper information helps a consumer to make informed buying decision. A pack of a product also needs to mention the MRP (Maximum Retail Price) and a consumer can complain if the seller asks for more than the MRP.

Right to Choose: A consumer has the right to choose from different options. A seller cannot just offer to sell only one brand to the consumer. The seller has to offer various options to the consumer. This right is usually enforced through laws against monopoly trade.

Right to Seek Redressal: If a consumer gets affected by false promises made by the producer or suffers because of manufacturing defect; he has the right to seek redressal. Suppose you took a mobile connection and the bill shows many hidden charges which were not explained to you earlier. Or the mobile company activated a ringtone without your permission. Then you can go to the consumer court to put your case.

1)After 1815, many liberal nationalists went underground for the fear of repression.For example: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded two underground societies; first Young Italy in Marsellies and then Young Europe in Berne.Following in the footsteps of Mazzini, many secret societies were set up in Germany,France,Switzerland and Poland.
2)Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sediment.The Romantics used folk songs,folk poetry and folk dances  to popularize the true spirit of the nation.For example:Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music in Poland.He turned folk dances; like polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
3)Language also played an important role in developing nationalist sediments.For eg: It was mainly used as an instrument when Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere in Poland.

The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

Economic freedom or economic liberty is the ability of people of a society to take economic actions.
The free market viewpoint defines economic liberty as the freedom to produce, trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force, fraud or theft.

A socialist economy has the following features:

1. Socialism is Social or Collective Ownership of Resources: In such an economy, all the means of production are owned and operated by the state in the interest of society as a whole. This is to ensure equality of opportunity to all the citizens with regard to earning of income. This is also aimed at full and efficient utilisation of the country’s resources.

2. It is a Fully Planned Economy: A socialist economy is necessarily a fully planned economy otherwise the economic system cannot run. There is a choice between centralised and decentralised planning. All socialist economics were fully planned economics.

3. It is the Responsibility of the Central Planning Authority: Planning is the responsibility of an authority at the centre. It may be known as the Planning Commission in India or the Gos plan in the U.S.S.R. The main task given to this body is to formulate long-term and short-term plans for the economy.

4. It has Definite Aims and Objectives: Socialist economy has specified aims or objectives. Generally, they are included in the constitution itself but these are given specific shape by the planners. As far as possible the objectives are clearly and quantitatively defined. The competitiveness on complementary among these objectives is explicitly noted. This is meant to bring planning nearer to reality.

5. Specific Long-Term Plans: The Central Planning authority is given the respon­sibility to chalk out specific long-term plans for the country. These long-term plans are called “Perspective Plans”. These may range from twenty to thirty years. These are in the nature of a blue-print of the path the economies have to follow in the near future. These perspective plans may be modified with changes in basic structure and objectives of the economy. This requires the use of input and output and activity analysis.

6. Central Control and Ownership: A fully planned economy is by implication a controlled economy. Government controls the main aspects of all economic activity. There are controls on production through licensing. Consumption is also controlled indirectly through controlled production. There are existing controls generally operated through the Central Bank of the economy.