The following examples show that there was a vibrant pre modern trade in between different parts of the world :
Silk route- It got its name through Chinese silk which was transferred on this route through land and sea. The silk route connected parts of India, Europe, China and North America. Along with silk, Chinese pottery, spices from India were also traded through this route.
Similar food - A great similarity has been noticed amongst the cuisine or food of various regions. It maybe because along with other items traded food also raveled. For example- it is said that noodles travelled from China and became spaghetti. Also many other world's cuisine are have thing in common which maybe attributed to trade.

By 1848, people's effort to introduce constitutional monarchy came out as unsuccessful. Under such situation, the task to unify Germany was taken by Prussia and its chief minister Otto Von Bismarck who played an important role. He followed the policy of 'blood and iron"and managed to defeat Austria, France and Denmark by fighting three wars with them.Finally, in January 1871,the process of German unification ended and the Prussian King William I was declared as the German Emperor.
 

The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor-Duke Metternich.
 

Average Income/ Per Capita Income measures the money earned or unearned [average income] per person in an given area [city,region,country,etc] in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population.

Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain pushing up the prices. Under pressure from farmers, the government restricted the import of corn. These laws were commonly known as the Corn Laws. However, later the industrialists and people living in cities forced the government to abolish the Corn Laws.

Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain pushing up the prices. Under pressure from farmers, the government restricted the import of corn. These laws were commonly known as the Corn Laws. However, later the industrialists and people living in cities forced the government to abolish the Corn Laws.

The need for tertiary is increasing because of the following reasons:

1. There is more need for services like financial institutions, educational institutions etc. 
2. In any country several basic services like transport, bank, insurance, educational institutions etc are required and the government has to take responsibility for the provision of these services.
3. The development of agriculture and industry lead to an increase in demand for tertiary services like transport, trade, storage etc.
4. As income level rises, certain section of people start demanding many services like restaurants, tourism, private hospitals etc.
5. Certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential and rapid growth of service sector also benefitted from external demand such as software industry and call centres. services.
6. The tertiary sector creates huge employment opportunities even for the uneducated and unskilled workers.

The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Duke Metternich was an Austrian Chancellor. He was born on 15th May 1773. When the treaty of Vienna was drawn up by Russia, Britain, Austria and Prussia, he was responsible to held the meeting. He took a prominent part in Congress of Vienna and dominated the European politics from 1814 to 1848.

(i) First of all the war created a new economic and political situation.
(ii) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes; custom duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(iii) Through the war years prices increased-doubled between 1913 and 1918-leading to extreme hardship for the common people.
(iv) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
(v) Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortage of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic.  

Entrepreneur is a person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.

 The religious reforms that took place in Europe in the 16th-century were as:

1. In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
2. He pasted a printed copy of it on the door of a church in Wittenberg. It challenged the Church to debate his ideas.
3. Luther's writings immediately became popular through printed copies and were read widely.
4. Luther’s translation of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies within a few weeks and a second edition appeared within three months.
5. All these led to a religious debate and marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
6. Printing technology played a key role in bringing religious reforms in the 16th century. Hence Martin Luther's remarks were apt, effective and practical.

Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Main Features of Federalism:

1. There are two or more levels of government. India has three levels.
2. Each level of government has its own jurisdiction in matters of legislation, taxation and administration even though they govern the same citizens.
3. Power and functions of each tier of government are specified and guaranteed by the Constitution.
4. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of the government. The Supreme Court acts as an umpire to settle disputes between different levels of governments.
5. Fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be altered by any one level of government. It applies to India also.
6. Sources of revenue between different levels are specified by the Constitution to ensure financial autonomy.
7. There is mutual trust and agreement between the governments at different levels.