Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement because of the following reasons:

1. On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest, others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants.
2. Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was, in a way, an ultimatum. If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.
3. Viceroy Irwin was unwilling to negotiate with Gandhiji.

Hence, the Salt March marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

In many ways, our culture is affected by globalisation. Right from the early ages, India had adopted an open approach to cultural influences and the Indian culture has been enriched because of this. In the last decade, we have seen major cultural changes and it was feared that our local cultures would be overtaken by globalised culture. Earlier, our cultural tradition was very reserved and had no connection with the outside world. It hardly knew anything else and was suspicions of everything. Fortunately, we have not retained our old attitude until today. There have been some hot debates in our society not just about political and economic issues but also about changes in styles, clothes, films, music, body language, language, etc. Many social reformers and early nationalists of the 19th century also debated on culture and tradition. The issues today's are the same but in different ways. What is perhaps the difference is the intensity and scale of change.

Major forms of power sharing in modern democracy are:

• Power sharing among different Organs of the Government: In democracy, power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power. No organ of the governemnt can e P xcercise unlimited power as each ower sharing among different Organs of the Government organ checks the others.
• Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government.
• Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In India, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.
• Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. When no party gets a majority, two or more parties come together to form a governemnt. In a democracy, pressure and interest groups also have an indirect share in the governemnt's power.

The Bhoodan Movement or Land Gift Movement was a voluntary land reform movement in India, started by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampally village which is now in Telangana, India, and known as Bhoodan Pochampally.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005

In 1815 the European powers of Britain, Russia, prussia and Austria had collectively defeated Napoleon. Their chief representatives met at Vienna to come to a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by Austrian chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates grew up the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 with the aim of  undoing what Napoleon had transferred in Europe.

1.The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France. They were deposed during the French Revolution. France lost its territories which had been annexed under Napoleon.

2. A series of states were carved out on the French frontiers to prevent French expansion in the coming future. Thus , the kingdom of Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.

Prussia was given new territories on its Western Frontiers while Austria was given control of Northern Italy. The German confederation of 39 States was left and it is.

4. In the east, Russia was given a part of Poland why Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. The main aim was to restore the monarchies  that were overthrown by Napoleon and re-establish the authority of Conservatives in Europe.

Rabi crops are also known as winter crops. They are sown from October to December and harvested from April to June. Wheat, barley, pea, gram and mustard are the important rabi crops. Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhan and Uttar Pradesh are the important producers of rabi crops.

Energy is an indispensable requirement of our modern life as it is required for all the activities.
Energy resources are needed while cooking. They also provide us with light and energy. For example, electricity is produced by coal, atomic energy etc.
Energy resources are used to drive machinery in industries. Machines cannot be operated and run without energy resources.
Energy resources such as petroleum and natural gas are used in vehicles. This is in turn has also led to the growth of industries.

A legally chosen government is called as a legitimate government.

King Victor Emmanuel II was the king of Sardinia who helped all revolutionaries whose main aim was to achieve the unification and Independence of Italy. It was Emmanuel who finally completed the task of unification, after Cavour had died, by annexing the Papal territories of Venetia and Rome. In this way, the united Italy came into existence in the year 1871 A.D.

During the Non-Cooperation Movmement, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards were taken over. In many places local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor. The increasing violent activities made Congress leaders unhappy with the peasant movment. 

During the Civil Disobedience Movement, the poor peasants joined various radical movements led by the Socialists and the Communists. Apprehensive of raising issues that might upset the rich peasants and landlords, the Congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in most places. So the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain.