In India, the industries developed in the second half of the 19th century in the following ways.

1. In the late 19th century many Indians who earned through China trade became successful industrialists like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee N. Tata.
2. Initially, Jamsetjee Tata was involved in China trade and raw cotton shipments to England. In 1912, he set up the first iron and steel works in India at Jamshedpur.
3. Dinshaw Petit built a huge industrial empire in India. He was involved in China trade and raw cotton shipments to England.
4. Seth Hukamchand, a Marwari businessman, set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917. He had also traded with China.

1. Nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerged within the culturally and regionally diverse groups of Europe.
2. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across the regional division. They spoke French for the purpose of diplomacy and in high society.
3. Due to industrialisation and transformation of society, there emerged a middle-class consisting of businessmen, working professionals, industrialists, labourers and working-class people.
4. Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18^th century but in France and German states, it occurred only during 19^th century. In its wake, new social groups came into being.
5. Out of these, the educated middle-class people thought of uniting the culturally compatible sections of people in Europe by abolishing the privileges enjoyed by the aristocracy.
6. It was among the educated liberal middle class that ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
7. Nations began to be perceived as having a definite territory, anthem, and flag, together with a Parliament which was elected by property-owning men of the middle class.
8. This led to nationalism and emergence of the idea of the nation-state.

A Nation State refers to a country with well defined delineated boundaries, resided by people with a similar culture, shared history and ethnic character. It is also supposed to have a government of its choice. The people in a Nation State are supposed to have unity, strength and cooperation.

Development goals for landless rural labourers are most days of work and better wages ,local schools ,which are able to provide quality education for their children and there should not be any social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed the dams as the Temples of Modern India. Temples of modern India was a term coined by India's first Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru while inaugurating Bhakra Nangal Dam. 

Resource: Anything which can be used for satisfying the human needs is called a resource.

Types of Resources:

Resources can be classified on different bases; into following types:

• On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic
• On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-renewable
• On the basis of ownership: Individual, community, national and international
• On the basis of status of development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves

India a federal country because of the following reasons:

• There are levels of governments—Central Government, State Government and Local Government.
• Each level of government administers over the same region, but they have their own jurisdiction in matters of administration, taxation and legislation.
• The Government at each level derives its power from the Constitution of the country. Thus, the Central Government cannot easily dilute the powers of the State or Local Governments.
• The basic principles of the Constitution and the rights given to the people cannot be changed by only one tier of the Government. It requires the consent of governments at both levels.
• Both levels of the Government can collect taxes from the people according to the guidelines of the Constitution of the country.
• The Indian Constitution contains three lists which contain subjects in which the Union and the State Governments may form laws. Only central government can make laws in the Union List and state government in the state list. Subjects related to the interests of both Central and State Governments are included in the concurrent list.

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY :- Unification of Germany took place in 1871. The unification process was led by Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia, which was the largest German kingdom. Through a series of victorious wars against Austria and France, which were blocking German unification, Bismarck succeeded in unifying Germany under the Prussian king.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY :- Unification of Italy took place in 1871. This process was under the leadership of the King and Chancellor of Piedmont--Sardinia. The unification process was also marked by wars against Austria. Unification was complete when the Pope lost power over Rome and the Papal states.

UNIFICATION OF BRITAIN :- Unification of Britian took place in 1707 when the kingdoms of England and Scotland formed an union. These kingdoms were earlier separate although they were ruled by the same monarch from London. With the 1707 alliance, Britain became a united political system.

We have different identities in different contexts. It can be proved by the following points:

1. Social divisions in society are inevitable. They occur due to accident of birth or sometimes due to our choices. 
2. People usually perceive their identities on the basis of their religion, caste, language, social status and educational qualification or occupation.
3. It is fairly common for people belonging to the same religions to feel that they do not belong to the same community because their caste is different.
4. It is also possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other.
5. Rich and poor persons from the same family often do not keep close relations with each other for they feel they are different.

Casteism is very harmful to politics because it damages democratic ideals.

1. Casteism violates the basic principles enshrined in the Constitution for promoting a new democratic polity, namely, the principles of justice, equality and above all fraternity assuring the unity and integrity of the Nation.
2. Due to casteism, vote bank politics is given preference in India. The economic issues are pushed to the background by leaders who seek support on the basis of caste.
3. There is an overemphasis on caste interest loyalty rather than national interest.
4. Casteism weakens the mechanization of the polity.
5. The government, at the local levels, seeks to retain the traditional domination of the dominant castes, thus, frustrating the emergence of a new democratic culture of free and equal citizenship.
6. Casteism leads to chaos and bargaining in party politics and ministry formation. 
7. Due to casteism, people get divided into various groups and consequently differences crop up which destroy the unity of nation.
8. Casteism leads to violence and polarisation on caste lines. Casteism creates tension, suspicion, fear and an atmosphere of violence by building militancy on caste lines.
   Hence, it is very harmful to democracy and the country as well.

Women have been active participants in Indian politics since independence. In the struggle for independence under Mahatma Gandhi, women played an important role. There were prominent women leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Aruna Asaf Ali. 
After independence, women have continued to play an important role in politics. India had universal adult franchise right from independence and, therefore, women have been very active in politics as voters.

Earlier women participation in politics was minimal. They were not allowed to participate in public affairs, vote and contest for public offices. It was only after gender issue was raised in politics that women got access to this area. The participation of women in Indian politics has been increased by making it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies:

1. In local government, however, the participation of women has significantly increased with one-third of seats in local government institutions being reserved for women.
2. There are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
3. Efforts are being made for such a reservation in Parliament and State Assemblies too.
4. Still, a lot more has to be done. A bill on the reservation of seats for women has been pending before the parliament but there is no consensus over the bill among all the political parties.

1. Federalism means sharing power among the central authorities and various constituent units of the country.
2. It works in big countries where the area of country is very large and it makes it difficult to be effective managed through only one level of government.
3. In Such cases different levels of the government are formed to have broad based participation of the people.

The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to make a France a nation and liberate the people by creating the feeling of a collective identity.